Guideline for Installation of Fire Extinguisher

Guideline for Installation of Fire Extinguisher

FIRE EXTINGUISHER REFERENCE
Area	Code	Clause No	Descriptions
Mounting Height	NFPA 10	6.1.3.8.1	Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding 18.14 kg shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than 1.53 Meter above the floor.
	NFPA 10	6.1.3.8.2	Fire extinguishers having a gross weight greater than 18.14 kg (except wheeled types) shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than 1.07 Meter  above the floor.
	NFPA 10	6.1.3.8.3	In no case shall the clearance between the bottom of the hand portable fire extinguisher and the floor be less than 102 mm.
	OSHA	1910.157(c)(1)	To prevent fire extinguishers from being moved or damaged, recommends mounting on brackets or in wall cabinets, with carrying handles 0.9 to 1.5 Meter  above the floor.
	OSHA	1910.157(c)(1)	Larger extinguishers should have the carrying handle about 0.9 Meter from the floor. This also aligns with general fire extinguisher mounting requirements.
	AS2445		No extinguisher should be mounted higher than 1.2 Meter off the floor. The bottom of the extinguisher should be no less than 100mm from the floor.
	NBC: 2016	5.1.1	These fire extinguishing equipment and their installation  shall  be  in  accordance with accepted standards [4(17)]. The extinguishers shall be mounted at a convenient height to enable its quick access and efficient use by all  in  the  event  of  a  fire  incidence.
Placement	NFPA 10	6.1.3.1	Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they are readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire.
	NFPA 10	6.1.3.2	Fire extinguishers shall be located along normal paths of travel, including exits from areas.
	IS 2190 : 2010	6.2	Generally, fire extinguishers should be placed as near as possible to exits or stair lands without hindering the escape routes. Wherever possible, advantage should be taken of normal routes of escape by placing these in positions where these shall readily be seen by persons following the natural impulse to get out of danger.
	IS 2190 : 2010	6.3	The extinguishers should be available for immediate use at all times. Extinguishers should be sited in such a way that the user may not have to travel more than 15 Meter  from the site of the fire to reach the extinguishers. Similar positions on each floor are advisable.
	AS2444	Section 2.3.10	Fire extinguishers should be located between 2 Meter and 20 Meter the hazard (eg: switchboard, kitchen..)
	NFPA 10	E.3	Class A: Where the floor area of a building is less than 279 m2 at least one fire extinguisher of the minimum size recommended should be provided.
Maximum travel distance	NFPA 10	6.2.1.2.2	Class A Hazards: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed 22.9 Meter, except as modified by 6.2.1.4.(Where hose stations are so provided, they shall conform to NFPA 14.)
	NFPA 10	6.3.1.3	Class B Hazards: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances do not exceed 9 Meter to 15 Meter.
	NFPA 10	6.3.3.1	Class B Hazards: Where hand portable fire extinguishers are installed or positioned for obstacle, gravity/three-dimensional, or pressure fire hazards, the actual travel distance to hazard shall not exceed 9.1 Meter unless otherwise specified.
	NFPA 10	6.3.3.2	Class B Hazards: Where wheeled fire extinguishers of 56.7 kg agent capacity or larger are installed or positioned for obstacle, gravity/three-dimensional, or pressure fire hazards, the actual travel distance to hazard shall not exceed 30.5 Meter unless otherwise specified.
	NFPA 10	6.5.2	Class D Hazards: Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be located not more than 22.9 Meter of travel distance from the Class D hazard.
	NFPA 10	6.6.2	Class K Hazards: Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 9.1Meter from the hazard to the extinguishers.
	OSHA	1910157(d)(2)	Class A: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 22.8 Meter feet or less
	OSHA	1910157(d)(4)	Class B: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 15 Meter or less
	OSHA	1910157(d)(5)	Class D: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 22.8 Meter or less
	OSHA	1910157(d)(6)	Class K: Portable fire extinguishers must be placed so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is  9 Meter or less
	IS 2190 : 2010	5.4.1	Class-A: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed 15 Meter for all type of Hazard
	IS 2190 : 2010	5.4.2	Class-B: Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed  9 Meter for Light Hazard  and 15 Meter for all rest of Hazard
	IS 2190 : 2010	5.4.3	Class-C: Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where energized electrical equipment can be encountered. This requirement includes situations where fire either directly involves or surrounds electrical equipment. Since the fire itself is a Class A or Class B hazard, the fire extinguishers shall be sized and located on the basis of the anticipated Class A or Class B hazard
	IS 2190 : 2010	5.4.4	Class -D: Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be located not more than 15 Meter of travel distance from the Class D hazard
Fire Extinguisher Sign Height	NFPA 10	6.1.3.3.3	Signs or other means used to indicate fire extinguisher location shall be located in close proximity to the extinguisher
	NFPA 10	B.1.3	Where markings are applied to wall panels, and so forth, in the vicinity of fire extinguishers, they should permit easy legibility at a distance of 4.6 Meter.
	OSHA	1910.157	OSHA regulations only require that portable fire extinguishers be identified
	AS2444		The sign must be mounted such that it is no less than 2 Metres from the floor level or at a height that makes it the most apparent to a person of average height and visual acuity’
	AS2444		The extinguisher or extinguisher sign shall be clearly visible for up to 20 Metres on approach. The size of the sign shall be determined by location on and distance at which the sign must be legible
Fire Extinguisher Plan	IS 2190 : 2010	6.9	A framed plan showing the location of fire extinguishers, means of access and other useful information should be displayed at suitable places on each floor, but should be available near to the entrance to the premises preferably at the security gate or the reception office

Guideline for Manual Call Point

MANUAL CALL POINT REFERENCE
Area	Code	Clause No	Descriptions
Mounting Height	NFPA 72	17.14.5	The operable part must be between 1.07 meter to 1.22 meter above the finished floor.
	BS 5839-1:2025	20.2	Typically mounted at 1.4 meters (0.2m above or 0.3m below) allowing placement between 1.1 meter and 1.6 meter. For disabled access, heights may be lowered to 0.9 meter  to  1.2 meter.
	IS 2189	6.3.8	Call points shall be fixed at a height of 1.4 meter above the surrounding floor level, at easily accessible, we illuminated and conspicuous positions, which are free of obstructions.
From Door Distance	NFPA 72	17.15.9.6	pull stations are required to be located within 1.5 meters of each exit doorway on every floor, ensuring they are easily reachable during emergencies.
	NFPA 101	9.6.2.3	the manual fire alarm box shall be located within 1525 mm of exit doorways.
	NFPA 101	9.6.2.4	Manual fire alarm boxes shall be mounted on both sides of grouped openings over 40 ft (12.2 meter) in width, and within 1525 mm of each side of the opening.
Travel Distance	NFPA 101	9.6.2.5	No horizontal distance on that floor exceeding 200 ft (61 meter) shall need to be traversed to reach a manual fire alarm box.
	BS 5839-1:2025	20.2	MCPs must be on escape routes and Distribution of MCPs should be such that no one need travel more than 45 meter in certain route (or 30 meter if layouts are uncertain). For disabled residents this should be adapted to within 25 meter to 16 Meter  of each other. For high-risk areas (e.g. kitchens or cellulose paint spraying) a MCP should be sited in close proximity.
	NFPA 72	17.15.9.5	Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be provided so that the travel distance to the nearest manual fire alarm box will not exceed 200 ft (61 meter), measured horizontally on the same floor.
	IS 2189	6.3.8	Manual call points shall be so located that, to give an alarm, no person in the premises has to travel distance of more than 30 meter to reach them. When manual call points are also installed external to the building, the travel distance shall be 45 meter
	IS 2189	6.3.8	Where necessary, the travel distance may require to be reduced to less than 30 meter, for example, where there is difficulty in free access within the risk or in potentially dangerous risks.
Location	BS 5839-1:2025		Not placing MCPs at non-final exits or in unsupervised areas like shopping centers.
	IS 2189	6.3.8	Manual call point shall be located preferably near entry to staircases at various levels.
	NBC 2016	J-9.1.4	Manual call station(s) shall be provided at central location(s) on each platform (near emergency plunger) and at least two on the concourse,  on  each  sidewall. When  the concourse is in two halves, at least one manual call station shall be provided on each side.
	BS 5839-1:2017	20.2	MCPs should be located on escape routes and, in particular, at all story exits and all exits to open air that lead to an ultimate place of safety (whether or not the exits are specifically designated as fire exits)
Staircase Landing	BS 5839-1:2017	20.2	MCPs should not be located on stairway landings, as persons travelling down the stairway might operate an MCP several floors below that on which a fire is located, resulting in evacuation of inappropriate areas.
Protecting Cover / Duct Proof	BS 5839-1:2025		MCP may provide fitting covers or guards to prevent false alarms and damage.
	NFPA 72	17.14.7	Listed protective covers shall be permitted to be installed over single- or double-action manually actuated alarm initiating devices.
	IS 2189	6.3.8	Manual call points shall be housed in dust pre of and moisture proof enclosure properly sealed with rubber lining.
Recess Mounting	IS 2189	6.3.8	Where the call points are not visible from the front as in the case of a long corridor, they shall be surface mounted or semi-recessed in order to present a side profile area of not less than 750 mm.
	BS 5839-1:2017	20.2	MCPs may be flush-mounted in locations where they will be seen readily, but, where they will be viewed from the side (e.g. corridors), they should be surface mounted or only semi-recessed with the front face proud of the mounting surface by no less than 15 mm.
MCP Glass Size & Thickness	IS 2189	6.3.8	The glass surface shall be minimum 30 mm in area and glass thickness shall not exceed 2 mm.
MCP/ Pull Station	NFPA 72	17.14.6	Manually actuated alarm-initiating devices shall be permitted to be single action or double action.
	NBC 2016	6.4.2.2	The manual call points shall be break glass and not pull stations.
Color	NFPA 72	17.14.8.3	Unless installed in an environment that precludes the use of red paint or red plastic, manual fire alarm boxes shall be Red in color.

Fire Door / Fire Wall / Fire Sealant / Fire Rated Equipment’s Guideline

Fire Door / Fire Wall / Fire Sealant / Fire Rated Equipment’s
Code	Clause No	Area	Descriptions
NBC-2016	2.24	Fire Tower Wall / Fire Tower Door	Fire Tower An enclosed shaft having protected area of 120 min Fire resistance rating comprising protected lobby, staircase and Fireman lift, connected directly to exit discharge or through exit passageway with 120 min Fire resistant wall at the level of exit discharge to exit discharge. The Fire fighting shaft shall be equipped with 120 min Fire doors.
NBC-2016	5.1.1(g)	Fire Fighting Shaft (Fire Hose Cabinet) Door	Hydrants for firefighting and hose reels shall be located in the lobby in firefighting shaft. Those hydrants planned to be provided near fire exit staircase on the floor shall be within 5 m from exit door in exit access. Such hydrant cabinet may finish with doors to meet interior finishes with requirement of glass panel to provide visibility to the installations inside and inscribed with the word: FIRE HOSE CABINET of letter size 75 mm in height and 12 mm in width. Such door of the fire hose cabinet need not be fire resistant rated. The location of such cabinets shall be shown on floor plan and duly displayed in the landing of the respective fire exit staircase.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.4	Electrical Shaft Door	The inspection door for electrical shafts/ducts shall be not less than 120 min Fire resistance.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.14.d	Electrical Shaft Door	The inspection panel doors and any other opening in the shaft shall be provided with airtight Fire doors having Fire resistance of not less then 1 hour.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.2	Electrical Shafts Door	Electrical Shafts shall have not less than 2 hours Fire resistance
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.13.a	Service Shafts Door	Service duct shall be enclosed by walls and door, if any, of 2 hours Fire rating. If ducts are larger than 10 sq m. the floor should seal them, but provide suitable opening for the pipes to pass through, with the gaps sealed.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.2	Service Shafts Door	Services Shafts other than Electrical Shaft, the Fire resistance shall be not less than 1 hour.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.4	Plumbing Shaft Door (Inside the Building)	For plumbing shafts in the core of the building, with shaft door opening inside the building, the shafts shall have inspection doors having Fire resistance rating not less than 30 min
NBC-2016	3.4.5.4	Plumbing Shaft Door (Outside the Building)	For plumbing shafts doors which open in wet areas or in naturally ventilated areas or on external wall of the building, the shafts may not require doors having any specified Fire rating.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.4	Service Shafts Sealing	Service ducts and shafts Openings in walls or floors which are necessary to be provided to allow passages of all building services like cables, electrical wirings, telephone cables, plumbing pipes, etc, shall be protected by enclosure in the form of ducts/shafts having a Fire resistance not less than 120 min.
Central Electricity Authority	38.2	Service Shafts Sealing	No other service pipes shall be taken along the ducts provided for laying power cables. All ducts provided for power cables and other services shall be provided with Fire-barrier at each floor crossing
NBC-2016	3.4.5.4	Electrical Cable Sealing	The space between the electrical cables/conduits and the walls/slabs shall be filled in by a Fire stop material having Fire resistance rating of not less than 120 min. This shall exclude requirement of Fire stop sealing for low voltage services shaft.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.1	Electrical Shaft Sealing	The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a separate shaft. The shaft shall be sealed at every floor with Fire stop materials having the same Fire resistance as that of the floor.
IS	IS 3034	Electrical Cable Entry Sealing	All cable entries in the switch gear room shall be effectively sealed by use of Fire stops.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.14.a	Electrical Shaft Sealing	The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a separate duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-combustible material having the same Fire resistance as that of the duct.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.11	Electrical Services Shaft Sealing	The electric distribution cable/wiring shall be laid in a separate duct. The duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-combustible materials having the same Fire resistance as that of the duct.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3	Meter Room Door	Meter rooms on upper floors shall not open into staircase enclosures and should be ventilated directly to open air outside or in electrical room of 120 min Fire resistant walls.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.11	Electrical Services Room Door	The doors provided for the Service Room shall have Fire resistance of not less than 2 hours
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.14.f	Electrical Service Room Door	An independent and well-ventilated service room shall be provided on the ground floor with direct access from outside or from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electrical supply from the licenses service and alternative supply cables. The doors provided for the service room shall have Fire resistance of not less than 1 hour
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3	Substation / Transformers Room Door	An independent, ventilated or air conditioned MV panel room shall be provided on the ground level or first basement. This room shall be provided with access from outside (or through exit passageway accessible from outside). The MV panel room shall be provided with Fire resistant walls and doors of Fire resistance of not less than 120 min.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3.2	Dry type Substation Door	Transformers located inside a building shall be of dry type and all substation/switch room walls, ceiling, floor, opening including doors shall have a Fire resistance rating of 120 min. Access to the substation shall be provided from the nearest Fire exit/exit staircase for the purpose of electrical isolation.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.19.37	Sub Station Door	Exits from basement electric substation shall have self-closing Fire smoke check doors of 2-hours Fire rating near entry to ramp
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.23	Outside Sub-Stations Door	The outside walls, ceiling and floor including doors and windows to the sub-station area shall be of 2 hours Fire rating.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.23	Inside Sub-Stations door	Oil Filled Equipment at Basement: A sub-station or a switch-station with oil- filled equipment must not be located in the building. When housed inside the building, The transformer shall be of premises by walls/doors/cut outs having Fire Resistance rating of 4 hours.
IEC	IEC 61936-1	Electrical Room / Sub Switching Room Door	Doors shall have a Fire resistance of at least 60 minutes. The doors of switchgear cubicles or bays should close in the direction of escape. Doors which open to the outside are adequate if they are of Fire-retardant material and construction. Ventilation openings necessary for the operation of the transformers are permitted. When designing the openings, the possible escape of hot gases shall be considered.
NEC	110.31	Electrical Room Door	Each doorway leading into a vault from the building interior shall be provided with a tight-fitting door that has a minimum Fire rating of 3 hours. Doors shall be equipped with locks, and doors shall be kept locked, with access allowed only to qualified persons. Personnel doors shall swing out and be equipped with panic bars, pressure plates, or other devices that are normally latched but that open under simple pressure.
NEC	110.31	Electrical Room Wall & Roof	The walls and roof shall be constructed of a minimum Fire rating of 3 hours. For the purpose of this section, studs and wallboard construction shall not be permitted.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3.1	Oil filled substation Fire Barrier Wall	Substation equipment (exceeding oil capacity of 2000 litre) in utility building shall have Fire rated baffle walls of 240 min rating constructed between such equipment, raised to at least 600 mm above the height of the equipment (including height of oil conservators) and exceeding 300 mm on each side of the equipment.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3	Electrical Panel Fire Protection	Electrical MV main distribution panel and lift panels shall be provided with CO2 /inert gas flooding system for all panel compartments with a cylinder located beside the panel
NFPA	NFPA 850	Outdoor Sub Station Fire Barrier Wall	OUTDOOR: Oil-insulated outdoor type transformer containing 1890 liters or more of oil. It is strongly recommended that any  is separated from nearby structures by a 2-hour–rated Firewall
NFPA	NFPA 850	Indoor Sub Station Fire Barrier Wall	INDOOR : oil-insulated transformer. In case however, an oil-insulated transformer is installed indoors, then if its oil content exceeds 379 Liters, then it should be separated from nearby areas by a Fire barrier of 3-hour Fire resistance rating.
NFPA	NFPA 850	Indoor Sub Station Fire Barrier Wall	INDOOR: oil-insulated transformer. In case an automatic Fire extinguishment system is installed, then it is allowed that the Fire resistance rating of the Fire barrier is reduced to 1 hour.
Central Electricity Authority	46.2.10.b	Transformer Room Wall	the direct access to the transformer room be provided from outside and the surrounding walls of 4-hours fire withstand rating be provided as per relevant standards
Central Electricity Authority	46.2.10.c	Transformer Room Door	the entrances to the transformer room be provided with fire resistant doors of 2- hour fire rating and the door shall always be kept closed and a notice of this effect be affixed on outer side of the door.
NBC-2016	3.4.6.3.1	Transformer Fire Protection (Water Spray )	All transformers where capacity exceeds 10 MVA shall be protected by high velocity water spray systems or nitrogen injection system
NBC-2016	3.4.6.4	Disel Generator Room Door	Standby supply Diesel generator set(s)shall not be installed at any floor other than ground/first basement. If the same are installed indoors, proper ventilation and exhaust shall be planned. The DG set room shall be separated by 120 min Fire resistance rated walls and doors.
NBC-2016	3.4.12	Fire Command Centre (FCC) Door	Fire command center shall be constructed with 120 min rating walls with a Fire door.
NBC-2016	5.1.2.2.(c)	Fire Fighting Pump house Door	Pump house shall be separated by Fire walls all around and doors shall be protected by Fire doors of 120 min rating.
NBC-2016	5.1.2.2.(b)	Fire Fighting Pump house	Pump house shall be installed not lower than the second basement. When installed in the basement, staircase with direct accessibility (or through enclosed passageway with 120 min Fire rating) from the ground, shall be provided. Access to the pump room shall not require to negotiate through other occupancies within the basement.
NBC-2016	3.4.9.2.1.(a)	Boiler Room Wall	The boilers shall be installed in a Fire resisting room of 180 min Fire resistance rating.
NBC-2016	3.4.9.2.1.(b)	Boiler Room Door	Entry to this room shall be provided with a composite door of 120 min Fire resistance rating.
NBC-2016	3.4.9.2.1.(c)	Mechanical ventilation system for Boiler rooms	The boiler room shall be provided with its dedicated natural or mechanical ventilation system. Mechanical ventilation system for the boiler room would be accepted with 120 min Fire resistance rating ductwork, if it has interface with other mechanical areas. Ventilation system should not be allowed to be routed through electrical room area or through exit corridor/exits
NBC-2016	3.4.8.1	Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation Room Wall	Wherever batteries are provided, the same shall be segregated by 120 min Fire rated construction. Ventilation to the room shall be provided as per manufacturer instructions.
NBC-2016	3.4.8.2.2	Air conditioning Shafts or ducts Sealing	Shafts or ducts, if penetrating multiple floors, shall be of masonry construction with Fire damper in connecting ductwork or shall have Fire rated ductwork with Fire dampers at floor crossing. Alternatively, the duct and equipment may be installed in room having walls, doors and Fire damper in duct exiting/entering the room of 120 min Fire resistance rating. Such shafts and ducts shall have all passive Fire control meeting 120 min Fire resistance rating requirement to meet the objective of isolation of the floor from spread of Fire to upper and lower floors through shaft/duct work.
NBC-2016	3.4.8.3.3	Air conditioning ducts Crossing on Wall Sealing	Wherever the ducts pass through Fire walls or floors, the opening around the ducts shall be sealed with materials having Fire resistance rating of the compartment. Such duct shall also be provided with Fire dampers at all Fire walls and floors unless such ducts are required to perform for Fire safety operation; and in such case Fire damper may be avoided at Fire wall and floor while integrity of the duct shall be maintained with 120 min Fire resistance rating to allow the emergency operations for Fire safety requirements
NBC-2016	3.4.8.3.4	Air conditioning ducts work within Fire Compartment	The ducting within compartment would require minimum Fire resistance rating of 30 min. Such ducting material in substantial gauge shall be in accordance with good practice. If such duct crosses adjacent compartment/floor and not having Fire dampers in such compartment/floor, it would require Fire resistance duct work rating of 120 min. The requirements of support of the duct shall meet its functional time requirement as above.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.16.1.c	Air Conditioning Duct Sealing	Wherever the ducts pass through Fire walls or floor, the opening around the ducts should be sealed with Fire resisting material of same rating as of walls / floors.
NBC-2016	3.4.8.4.1	Fire or Fire/smoke dampers	The dampers shall be evaluated to be located in supply air ducts, fresh air and return air ducts/ passages at the following points: (a) At the Fire separation wall, (b) Where ducts/passages enter the vertical shaft, (c) Where the ducts pass through floors, and d) At the inlet of supply air duct and the return air duct of each compartment on every floor.
NBC-2016	4.6.1	Smoke Exhaust Fan	The smoke exhaust fans in the mechanical ventilation system shall be Fire rated, that is, 250°C for 120 min
NBC-2016	4.6.2	Supply Air & Exhaust Air	All supply air and exhaust air fans on respective levels shall be installed in Fire resisting room of 120 min.
NBC-2016	4.6.2	Smoke Exhaust Fan	The smoke exhaust fans in the mechanical ventilation system shall be Fire rated, that is, 250°C for 120 min.
NBC-2016	4.6.2	Jet Fans	The smoke ventilation of the basement car parking areas. Jet Fans shall be Fire rated, that is, 250°C for 120 min.
NBC-2016	3.4.10.2	Glass facade	All gaps between floor-slabs and facade assembly shall be sealed at all levels by approved Fire resistant sealant material of equal Fire rating as that of floor slab to prevent Fire and smoke propagation from one floor to another
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.33	Glass facades	Glass facade for high rise building shall be of 1 hour Fire resistance.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.6	Floor’s Vertical opening Sealing	Every vertical opening between the floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or protected, as necessary, to provide the following: Reasonable safety to the occupants while using the means of egress by preventing spread of Fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings from floor to floor to allow occupants to complete their use of the means of egress.
NBC-2016	4.8	Hazardous Areas (Gaseous, Oil Storage Yard ) Wall	Machinery, transformers or other service equipment subject to possible explosion shall not be located directly under or adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut-off from other parts of the building and shall be provided with adequate vents to the outside air. All rooms or areas of high hazard in additions to those hereinbefore mentioned, shall be segregated or shall be protected with Fire resistant walls having Fire rating of 120 min as Fire, explosion or smoke therefrom is likely to interfere with safe egress from the building.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.5	Refuse chutes Wall	If any provided in a building, shall have opening at least 1 meter above roof level for venting purpose and they shall have an enclosure wall of non-combustible material with Fire resistance of not less than 120 min.
NBC-2016	3.4.5.5	Refuse chutes Door	Refuse chutes inspection panel and doors shall be tight fitting with 60 min Fire resistance. Sprinkler protection system shall be provided for the refuse chutes. Refuse chutes shall be at least 6 meter away from exits.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.2	Refuse Cute Door	Refuse chutes shall have opening at least 1 m above roof level for venting purpose and they shall have an enclosure wall of non-combustible material with Fire resistance of not less than 2 hours. Inspection panel and doors shall be tight fitting with 1 hour Fire resistance.
NBC-2016	6.1.1.3 Subdivision A-4	Residential Buildings (Group A) Staircase Door	In case of high rise apartments, of the minimum exits as specified, the naturally ventilated exit staircases may not require the provision of Fire door. However, Fire door shall be provided for all other staircases and pressurized staircases. Panic bars shall be provided in the Fire exits. Panic  bars  shall  be  located  at  a  height between 865 mm and 1220 mm from the floor level.
NBC-2016	6.1.2.(d)	Residential Buildings (Group A) Storage Door	Stores, engineering workshops, areas of high hazard, etc used for storage of substantial amount of flammable liquids shall be of 120 min Fire resistance rating wall. Such areas shall be provided with Fire doors, to be kept closed and shall be posted with a sign on each side of the door in 25 mm high block letters stating FIRE DOOR  KEEP CLOSED.
NBC-2016	6.3	Institutional Buildings (Group C)	All compartments shall be divided with self closing (door closers) Fire doors with electromagnetic hold open. A coordinator shall be provided to sequence the closing of double leaf in case of emergency.
NBC-2016	6.3.g.6	Hospitals All Rooms Door	Operation  theatres,  delivery  rooms, Intensive care units, recovery rooms, etc, that  containing  patients  lacking  self-preservation in case of emergencies shall be  Fire/smoke  separated  (120  min minimum rating) from all the adjoining areas.
NBC-2016	6.3.g.12	Hospitals Corridor Exit Door	Exit access corridors from a compartment to another compartment shall be divided at the compartment intersection by a Fire door of 120 min Fire rating in the Fire compartment wall.
NBC-2016	6.3.g.13	Hospitals Laboratory Door	Rooms designated for laboratory and the like shall not exceed 100 m2 in area and if  additional  space  is  required,  Fire separation of 120 min shall be provided
NBC-2016	4.6.1	Corridors Exist Door in Hospital	Exit access corridors of guest rooms and indoor patient department/areas having patients lacking self-preservation and for sleeping accommodations such as apartments, custodial, penal and mental institutions, etc, shall be provided with 60 min Fire resistant wall and 20 min self-closing Fire doors along with all Fire stop sealing of penetrations.
NBC-2016	7.1.1.(c)	Lift Wall	Buildings of Height 15 m and Above: Walls of the lift bank well enclosure for a lift or group of lifts shall have a Fire rating of 120 min.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.10.1.a	Lift Wall	Walls of lift enclosures shall have a Fire rating of 120 min.
NBC-2016	7.1.1.(d)	Lift Landing doors	Buildings of Height 15 m and Above: Lift landing doors shall be imperforate. Collapsible doors shall not be permitted. Lift landing doors provided in the lift enclosure shall have a minimum Fire resistance rating of 60 min.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.10.1.c	Lift Landing doors	Landing door in lift enclosures shall have a Fire resistance of not less than 1 hour.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.10.1.e	Lift Car Door	Lift car door shall have a Fire resistance rating of 1 hour.
NBC-2016	6.1.1	Lift Well Enclosure Wall	Totally enclosed Lift Well shall be 120 min Fire-resistant.
Model Building-Bye-laws-2016	7.10.1.h	Lift Lobby Exit / Lift Enclosure Door	Exit from the lift lobby, if located in the core of the building, shall be through a self-closing Fire smoke check door of 1 hour Fire resistance.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.5	Lift Lobby / Staircase Exit Door	Fire doors with 2-hour Fire resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape route and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stairwell where a funnel or flue effect may be created, inducing an upward spread of Fire and smoke.
NBC-2016	4.2.7	Non Ventilated Area’s Exit Door	For non-naturally ventilated areas, Fire doors with120 min Fire resistance rating shall be provided and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stair well where a ‘funnel or flue effect’ may be created, inducing an upward spread of Fire, to prevent spread of Fire and smoke.
NBC-2016	4.2.19	Direct  Basement Exit Door	Where basement is used for car parking and also there is direct approach from any occupancy above to the basement, door openings leading to the basement shall need to be protected with Fire doors with 120 min Fire rating, except for exit discharge doors from the basements.
NBC-2016	4.4.2.4.3.2	Internal staircases Door	Internal stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout, and shall have Fire resistant rating of minimum 120 min.
NBC-2016	4.4.2.4.3.4	External staircases Door	The external stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials, and any doorway leading to it shall have minimum 120 min Fire resistance.
NBC-2016	4.4.2.5 (g)	Pressurized Staircase Wall	Wherever pressurized staircase is to be connected to unpressurized area, the two areas shall be segregated by 120 min Fire resistant wall.
NBC-2016	4.6.1	Exist Passage way Door	All exit passage way (from exit to exit discharge) shall be pressurized or naturally ventilated. The mechanical pressurization system shall be automatic in action with manual controls in addition. All such exit passageway shall be maintained with integrity for safe means of egress and evacuation. Doors provided in such exit passageway shall be Fire rated doors of 120 min rating.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.8	Internal /Additional Staircases Door	Around Lift Shaft: A staircase shall not be provided around a lift shaft unless provided with Fire stop door of 1 hour rating at every floor level and no other openings in the inside walls
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	17 /18/19	Staircase Door	Buildings of Height more than 15 meters up to 70 meters: If the lifts and staircase from higher floors go directly to the basement then this area shall be protected by 1 hour Fire resistance construction including Fire doors subject to opinion and requirement of local Fire authority in specially designed building have to be considered and observed.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.5.3	External Stairs Door	The external stairs shall be constructed of non- combustible materials and any doorway leading to it shall have the required Fire resistance.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.5.4	Horizontal Exit Door	A horizontal exit shall be equipped with at least one Fire/smoke door of minimum 2-hour Fire resistance of self-closing type. Further, it should have direct connectivity to the Fire escape staircase for evacuation. horizontal exits shall be open able at all times from both side
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.28	Enclosed type Basement Staircase Door	The staircase of basements shall be of enclosed type having Fire resistance of not less than 2 hours and shall be situated at the periphery of the basement to be entered at ground level only from the open air and in such position that smoke from any Fire in the basement shall not obstruct any exit serving the ground and upper storey of the building.
Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations, 2023	15.28	Enclosed type Basement Lift Lobby Door	Enclosed type Basement Lift lobby provided with Fire resisting self-closing doors of one hour resistance. If the travel distance exceeds the desired level, additional staircases shall be provided at proper places. The basement shall not open in to the staircase or lift well directly. If so then it has to be protected by 2 hours Fire resistant self-closing doors.
NBC-2016	4.4.2.4.1 (f)	Fire Certificate for Fire Door	All Fire rated doors and assembly shall be provided with certificate and labels prominently indicating the manufacturer identification, door details covering door type, serial/batch number, month and year of manufacture, Fire resistance rating, etc. The doors and assembly shall be certified with all prescribed hardware such as hinges, locks, panic bars, door closer, and door viewers.

Hydrostatic Test Pressure & Working Pressure Rating for Fire System

Fire System Hydrostatic Test Pressure Rating:

• The Hydrostatic test for a Fire water line System is to pressurize the System with water to a level beyond its normal operating pressure to identify any leakages and weakness in Pipes and its components to ensure that Fire System can withstand overpressure in Fire scenarios.
• Hydro test can help to Identifying and repairing these leaks before the system is put into service to  prevents potential safety hazards, environmental damage, and costly downtime. 
• This test is crucial for verifying that the Fire System can withstand potential pressures during a Fire event. 
• The Test Pressure is very important to identify the leakages, if pressure is too high than it may be damage Fire Pipes & it’s components and if the pressure is too low than it will not identify various leakages or weak point of the Fire System in potential overpressure scenarios. 

Fire Sprinkler System Hydrostatic Test Pressure Rating
Code	Descriptions
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.1	Hydrostatic Tests Acceptance: New or modified sprinkler installations system working pressure Less than 150 PSI (10 Kg/Cm2) should a hydrostatic pressure test of no less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours with zero loss in pressure at the reference gauge or visual observation of a leak.
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.3	Where the system having working pressure above 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) then It must be tested to the system working pressure + 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2). Example:  For 200 PSI Working Pressure have Testing Pressure of =14+3.4 =17.4 Kg/Cm2
NFPA 13, Section 29.2.1.4	Where fire pump is used for a system, testing pressure shall be determined by using the shut off pressure of the pump, excluding any limiting device.
NFPA 13, Section 10.10.2.2	Underground Piping:  All piping and attached appurtenances subjected to system working pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) or 50 PSI (3.5 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the system working pressure, whichever is greater, and shall maintain that pressure ±5 PSI (0.35 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours.
NFPA 13, Section 25.2.1.1	Systems Acceptance: All piping and attached appurtenances subjected to a working pressure less than 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) and shall maintain that pressure without loss for 2 hours. Portions of systems where working pressures in excess of 150 PSI (10.4 Kg/Cm2) shall be tested at a pressure of 50 PSI (3.5 bar) in excess of working pressure
NFPA 20, Section 14.1.2.1	Suction and discharge piping shall be hydrostatically tested at not less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) pressure or at 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the maximum pressure to be maintained in the system, whichever is greater. The pressure shall be maintained without loss for 2 hours
NFPA 25, Section 6.3.2.1	A working pressure less than 150 PSI (10Kg/Cm2) shall be Hydrostatic tests of not less than 200 PSI (13.8 Kg/Cm2) pressure for 2 hours, or at 50 PSI (3.4 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the maximum pressure, where maximum pressure is in excess of 150 PSI (10.3 bar), shall be conducted every 5 years on manual standpipe systems and semiautomatic dry standpipe systems, including piping in the fire department connection.
NFPA 25, Section 13.7.4	The piping from the fire department connection to the fire department check valve shall be hydrostatically tested at 150 PSI (10 Kg/Cm2) for 2 hours at least once every 5 years
NFPA 14 , Section 11.4.1	requires all FDCs to be tested hydrostatically at not less than 200PSI (14 Kg/Cm2) or 50PSI (3.5 Kg/Cm2) in excess of the system working pressure, whichever is greater for a duration of 2 hours.
IS 15105:2, Section 10.1.6	The installation piping (from the pumphouse up to the installation valve and also the installation piping with sprinklers) shall be capable of withstanding for two hours a pressure equivalent to 150% of the maximum working pressure. (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)
IS 13039, Section 7.1	After installation the system should be capable of withstanding pressure equal to 150% of the maximum working pressure for 2 hour. (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)
IS 3844 , Section 8.1	The system should be tested before use by charging with water to a pressure of 700 kPa (7 kg/Cm2) measured at the inlet for a period of at least 30 minutes. During this period, an inspection of the system should be done to check that no leakage of water is taking place at any of the joints or landing valves and the pressure in the system does not drop by more than 50 kPa (0.5 Kg/Cm2).
BS 9251, Section 6.2.2	The installation pipework should be pressurized to a minimum pressure of 15 bar (15.2 Kg/Cm2) or  to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure, whichever is the greater, for 1 hour. If the sprinkler system fails to maintain pressure, the leak should be found and corrected and this test repeated.  (maximum Pressure may be derive from Fire Pump Data Sheet)

Fire System Working Pressure Rating:

• The Fire System Normal Working Pressure is very important to get sufficient pressure at far end of the System and accordingly Fire Pump’ s delivery Header pressure is decided.
• The Working Pressure depends upon distance between Fire Pump and Far end of the Fire System.

Fire System Working Pressure Rating
NBC:2016, Section 5.1.1.(f)	Pressure at the hydraulically remote Hydrant and at the highest hydrant shall not be less than 3.5 Kg/Cm2. The pressure at the hydrants shall however not exceed 7.0 Kg/Cm2, considering the safety of operators. It may be planned to provide orifice plates for landing valves to control pressure to desired limit especially at lower levels; this could also be achieved through other suitable means of pressure reducing devices such as pressure-controlled hydrant valves.
IS 3844, Section 7.7 & 7.8	To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements should be made so that when the water is shut off at the nozzle the static pressure in any line of hose connected to a landing valve does not exceed 700 kPa (7 Kg/Cm2).
	To reduce excess pressure at ground floor or lower floors [in excess of 400 kPa (4 Kg/Cm2) suitable arrangement (orifice flange or other measure)] should be incorporated in the landing valves.
NFPA 14, Section 7.8.1	Hydraulically designed systems shall be designed to provide the waterflow rate of 250 GPM at a minimum residual pressure of 100 PSI (7 Kg/Cm2) at the outlet of the hydraulically most remote 2½ in. (65 mm) hose connection and 65 PSI (4.5 Kg/Cm2) at the outlet of the hydraulically most remote 1½ in. (40 mm) hose station.
IS 13039, Section 6.7	The pressure available at Hydraulically most remote hydrant should not be less than 3.5 Kg/Cm2 for light (Group A to F) and moderate hazard. In case of high hazard (Group G3, H and J), the ‘hydrant system (Group G2) should be so designed that when half the aggregate pumping capacity is being discharged at the hydraulically most remote point and other half in the most vulnerable area enroute a minimum pressure of 5.25 Kg/Cm2 is available at the remote point.*A=Residential, B=Educational, C= Institutional, D= Assembly, E= Business, F= Mercantile, G= Industrial, H= Storage, J= Hazardous.
IS 13039, Section 7.5	Hydrant mains should be tested with the pump delivering at its maximum pressure with all the hydrants outlet closed and thereafter, with at least three adjacent hydrants opened to see that the hydrant yield the minimum output of 1125 liters per minute at a minimum pressure of 5.25 Kg/Cm2 or higher, if needed.
NFPA 13, Section 6.1.3	At Rated Pressure: System components shall be rated for the maximum system working pressure to which they are exposed but shall not be rated at less than 175 PSI (12.1 Kg/Cm2) for components installed above ground and 150 PSI (10.4 Kg/Cm2) for components installed underground.
NFPA 13, Section 3.3.23	System Working Pressure: The maximum anticipated static (nonflowing) or flowing pressure applied to sprinkler system components exclusive of surge pressures and exclusive of pressure from the fire department connection.
IS 15105:2, Section 10.2.2	All fittings shall be able to withstand at least a pressure of 150% of the maximum working pressure.