Calculate Size of Pole Foundation & Wind Pressure on Pole

Example:

• Calculate Pole foundation size and Wind pressure on Pole for following Details.
• Tubular Street Light Pole (430V) height is 11 Meter which is in made with three different size of Tubular Pipe.
• First Part is 2.7 meter height with 140mm diameter,
• Second part of Pole is 2.7 meter height with 146 mm diameter and
• Third part of Pole is 5.6 meter height with 194 mm diameter.
• Weight of Pole is 241 kg and there is no any other Flood Light Fixtures Load on Pole.
• Total Safety Factor is 2.
• Wind zone category is 3.
• The Pole is installed in open terrain with well scattered obstructions having height generally between 1.5 m to 10 m.
• Foundation of pole is 700mm length, 700mm width and 1.95 meter depth. The Average weight of foundation concrete is 2500 Kg/M3.

Calculation:

 Wind Pressure according to Location:

• Wind Zone is 3 so Wind Speed as per following Table.

Basic Wind Speed-Vb (As per IS 802-Part1)
Wind Zone	Basic Wind Speed, vb m/s
1	33
2	39
3	44
4	47
5	50
6	55

• Wind Speed (vb) = 44Mile/Second.
• Co-efficient Factor (K0)=1.37
• K0 is a factor to convert 3 seconds peak gust speed into average speed of wind during 10 minutes period at a level of 10 meters above ground. K0 may be taken as 1.375.
• The Pole is used for 430Vand wind zone is 3 so Risk Co-efficient (K1) as per following Table

Table 2 Risk Coefficient K1 for Different Reliability Levels and Wind Zones (As per IS 802-Part1)
Reliability  Level	Wind Zone-1	Wind Zone-2	Wind Zone-3	Wind Zone-4	Wind Zone-5	Wind Zone-6
1 (Up to 400KV)	1	1	1	1	1	1
2 (Above 400KV)	1.08	1.1	1.11	1.12	1.13	1.14
3 (River Crossing)	1.17	1.22	1.25	1.27	1.28	1.3

• Risk Co-efficient (K1) =1
• Terrain category (K2) for Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having height generally between 1.5 m to 10 m is 1 as per following Table
• Terrain category (K2)=1

Terrain Roughness Coefficient, K2 (As per IS 802-Part1)
Terrain Category	Category 1	Category 2	Category 3
	Exposed open terrain with no obstruction and in which the average height of any object surrounding the structure is less than 1.5 m.	Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having height generally between 1.5 m to 10 m.	Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions.
Coefficient, K2	1.08	1	0.85

• Reference Wind Speed (Vr)= Vb / K0.
• Reference Wind Speed (Vr)= 44 / 1.37 =32 Mile/Second.
• Design wind Speed (vd)= Vr X K1 X K2.
• Design wind Speed (vd)= 32 X 1 X 1 =32 Mile/Second.
• Design Wind Pressure (Pd)=0.6 x vd2
• Design Wind Pressure (Pd)=0.6 x (32)2 =614.4 N/m2
• Design Wind Pressure (Pd)=614.4/10 =61.4 Kg/m2

Foundation Detail:

• Total Weight =Pole Weight +Foundation Weight.
• Total Weight = 241 +(0.7×0.7×1.95×2500) =2620.75 Kg
• Stabilizing Moment = Total Weight X (Foundation Length/2)
• Stabilizing Moment = 2620.75 X (0.7/2) = 920.41 Kg/Meter.

Pole Detail:

• First Part of Pole (h1) = 2.7 meter
• Diameter of First Part (d1) =140mm
• Second Part of Pole (h2) = 2.7 meter
• Diameter of Second Part (d2) =146mm
• Third Part of Pole (h3) = 5.6 meter
• Diameter of Third Part (d3) =194mm .

Wind Pressure on Pole:

• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 1st Part of the pole=pdxh1xd1x(h1/2+h2+h3)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 1st Part of the pole=61.4×2.7x(140/1000)x(2.7/2+2.7+5.61)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 1st Part of the pole=134.47 Kg/meter—I
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 2nd Part of the pole=pdxh2xd2x(h2/2+h3)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 2nd Part of the pole=61.4×2.7x(146/1000)x(2.7/2+5.61)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 2nd Part of the pole=112.76 Kg/meter.—-II
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 3rd Part of the pole=pdxh3xd3x(h3/2)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 3rd Part of the pole=61.4×5.6x(194/1000)x(5.6/2)x0.6
• Overturning Moment due to the wind on 3rd Part of the pole=112.14 Kg/meter.—III
• Total Overturning Moment on Pole due to Wind=134.47+112.76+112.14=359.36 Kg/meter.

 Safety Factor:

• Calculated Safety Factor= Stabilizing Moment / Total Overturning Moment on Pole.
• Calculated Safety Factor=920.41/ 359.36 =2.56.
• For safe Design Calculated Safety Factor > Safety Factor
• Here Calculated Safety Factor (2.56) > Safety Factor (2) hence
• Design is OK
• B : If Calculated Safety Factor < Safety Factor then Change Foundation Size (Length, width or depth)

 

Calculate Size of Circuit Breaker/ Fuse for Transformer (As per NEC)

• Calculate Size of Circuit Breaker or Fuse on Primary and Secondary side of Transformer having following Detail
• Transformer Details(P)= 1000KVA
• Primary Voltage (Vp)= 11000 Volt
• Secondary Voltage (Vs)= 430 Volt
• Transformer Impedance= 5%
• Transformer Connection = Delta / Star
• Transformer is in unsupervised condition.

Calculations:

• Transformer Primary Current (Ip)= P/1.732xVp
• Transformer Primary Current (Ip)=1000000/1.732×11000=49Amp
• Transformer Secondary Current (Is)= P/1.732xVs
• Transformer Secondary Current (Is)=1000000/1.732×430=71Amp
• AS per NEC 450.3, Max.Rating of C.B or Fuse is following % of its Current according to it’s Primary Voltage,% Impedance and Supervised/Unsupervised Condition.

Max Rating of Over current Protection for Unsupervised Transformer More than 600 Volts (As per NEC)
%Imp	Primary		secondary
	>600Volt		>600Volt		<600Volt
	C.B	Fuse	C.B	Fuse	C.B/Fuse
Up to 6%	600%	300%	300%	250%	125%
More than 6%	400%	300%	250%	225%	125%

 

Max Rating of Over current Protection for Supervised Transformer More than 600 Volts (As per NEC)
%Imp	Primary		secondary
	>600Volt		>600Volt		<600Volt
	C.B	Fuse	C.B	Fuse	C.B/Fuse
Up to 6%	600%	300%	300%	250%	250%
More than 6%	400%	300%	250%	225%	250%

 

Max Rating of Over current Protection for Transformers Primary Voltage Less than 600 Volts (As per NEC)
Protection	Primary Protection			Secondary Protection
Method	More than 9A	2A to 9A	Less than 2A	More than 9A	Less than 9A
Primary only protection	125%	167%	300%	Not required	Not required
Primary and secondary protection	250%	250%	250%	125%	167%

 

Size of Fuse / Inverse Time C.B as per NEC (Amp)
1	25	60	125	250	600	2000
3	30	70	150	300	700	2500
6	35	80	160	350	800	3000
10	40	90	175	400	1000	4000
15	45	100	200	450	1200	5000
20	50	110	225	500	1600	6000

For Primary Side:

• Transformer Primary Current (Ip) =52.49Amp and impedance is 5%
• As per above table in not supervised condition Size of Circuit Breaker= 600% of Primary Current
• Size of Circuit Breaker = 52.49 x 600% =315Amp
• If Transformer is in supervised condition then Select Circuit Breaker near that size but if Transformer is in unsupervised condition then Select Circuit Breaker next higher size.
• Rating of Circuit Breaker =350Amp (Next Higher Size of 300Amp)
• Size of Fuse = 52.49 x300% =157Amp
• Rating of Fuse =160Amp (Next Higher Size of 150Amp)

For Secondary Side:

• Transformer Secondary Current (Is) =1342.70Amp and impedance is 5%
• As per above table in not supervised condition Size of Circuit Breaker= 125% of Secondary Current
• Size of Circuit Breaker = 1342.70 x 125% =1678Amp
• If Transformer is in supervised condition then Select Circuit Breaker near that size but if Transformer is in unsupervised condition then Select Circuit Breaker next higher size.
• Rating of Circuit Breaker =2000Amp (Next Higher Size of 1600Amp)
• Size of Fuse = 1342.70 x125% =1678Amp
• Rating of Fuse =2000Amp (Next Higher Size of 1600Amp)

 Results:

• Size of Circuit Breaker on Primary Side=350Amp
• Size of Fuse on Primary Side=160Amp
• Size of Circuit Breaker on Secondary Side=2000Amp
• Size of Fuse on Secondary Side=2000Amp

Selection of Various Types of UPS (Part-2)

(2) Line-Inter active UPS:

• Working Principle of Line Interactive UPS is same as OFF Line/ stand UPS. It connected directly from mains, switching to battery (via the inverter) in mains Power cut condition.
• The designing of line interactive UPS is same as OFF Line UPS in addition the design Line Interactive generally includes an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) or a tap-changing transformer. This enhances the regulation of voltage by regulating transformer taps as the input voltage differs.
• The main difference between an off-line and a line-interactive UPS is that a line-interactive UPS in the stand-by mode has active voltage regulation.
• Voltage regulation is a significant feature when the conditions of a low voltage exist, otherwise the UPS would transfer to battery and then finally to the load. The usage of more common battery can cause early battery failure.
• It typically uses either a Ferro resonant transformer or a buck-boost transformer. Both helps to reduce the frequency of transfers to battery, slightly improving efficiency and reducing battery wear.
• Ferro resonant designs also offer power conditioning and tight voltage regulation, as well as an energy store that can maintain uninterrupted power supply output while the inverter switches on.

Circuit Diagram:

Working Function:

•  Normal Condition:
• In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously provide to Load with some filtering and voltage regulation circuit.
• During normal operation, the Line Interactive UPS takes utility power and passes it through a transformer with various tap selections on the output. When utility power is high, the Line Interactive UPS selects a tap to lower (buck) the output voltage. Similarly, when the utility voltage is low, the UPS selects a tap to increase (boost) the output voltage.
• In Normal Condition Battery is charged continuous charge through Battery Charger
• Battery charger convert AC power to DC Power and this DC Power charged Battery.
• Power outage Condition:
• When utility power fails, the device will start its internal inverter Circuit by Mechanical Switch.
• Mechanically transfer Switch Transfer from utility power to Battery Power, inverter output.
• This transfer can take as 2 to 4 ms.

 Advantage:

• small Size
• Low cost
• High Efficiency (because less power conversion is when AC input is present).
• Sine Way Output.
• Battery life is good compared to OFF Line UPS.
• Voltage regulation is fair (more than OFF Line UPS but Less than ON Line UPS)
• EMI/RFI/Noise Rejection is good.
• Change over Time is 2 to 4 Milliseconds.
• Lower electricity consumption (less costly to operate).
• Higher reliability (Lower component count and lower operating temperatures).

 Disadvantage:

• No isolation between main supply and load
• Higher Heat Output
• More Expensive
• Problematic with power factor corrected loads.

Applications:

• For small business.
• IT Racks, Network Switches, Medical Instrument System where data loss is a serious problem.
• The line interactive UPS may not be the appropriate choice for installations where AC power is unstable or highly distorted, because battery power will be used too often to keep the UPS output within specifications.

 Capacity:

• UPS in the range of 500VA to 5kVA power.

 (3) ON Line UPS/ Double Conversion UPS

• It is truly uninterrupted power system (UPS) provide continuous power to load in any condition.
• Online UPS sometimes called “double conversion” UPS. 
• Today most users with highly-critical loads are choose online UPS .It is used to protect sensitive equipment and data from mains problems at all times with any extra cost.
• This UPS have no power transfer switches and therefore no transfer time is existed under the mains power failure. Thus this is truly an uninterrupted system.
• In Online UPS to maintain the charge of the battery, a battery charging unit is continuously powered from the AC mains.
• Online UPSs are often called ‘double conversion’ types because incoming power is Firstly converted once AC to DC for the battery and then back Secondly Converter DC to AC before reaching the load which is therefore well-insulated from the mains like an electrical firewall between the incoming power and sensitive electronic equipments. It also control of the output voltage and frequency regardless of the input voltage and frequency.
• The online UPS continuously filters power through the battery before sending it to your computer.
• By contrast, online UPS systems draw power through the power conditioning and charging components during normal operation, so the load always receives conditioned power rather than raw mains.

 Circuit Diagram:

Working Function:

• The designing of this UPS is similar to the Standby UPS, excluding that the primary power source is the inverter instead of the AC main.
• In this UPS design, any cutoff of input AC Supply does not cause triggering of the transfer switch, because the input AC Supply is charging the backup battery source which delivers power to the o/p inverter. So, during failure of input AC Supply, this UPS operation results in no transfer time.
• The Transfer switch will automatically transfer the load to mains in case of overload or UPS failure.
• Normal Condition or Power outage Condition:
• In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously feed from the Inverter, providing conditioned, stabilized sinusoidal voltage.
• Input Power is filter and regularized by RFI Filter circuit then it is feed to Battery charger which is convert AC Power to DC Power. This DC Power is charged Battery continuously.
• Battery DC power is converted to AC power by Inverter Circuit.

 Advantage:

• The cost is high compare to other type of UPS.
• It provides isolation between main supply and load.
• The output is pure Sign wave.
• 100% Power Conditioning
• Constant voltage output.
• Correction of Input Power Factor
• Zero transfer time
• The output voltage is free from distortion due to inverter is always ON.
• It offers the best power protection, covering any and all types of mains disturbances of supply such as blackout, brownouts, spikes etc are absent in the output.
• Voltage regulation is better
• Transfer time is practically zero since inverter is always ON.
• High Reliability, Units can be connected in parallel redundant configuration.
• This is the best choice, considering such issues as modularity, ability to work from generator, power factor correction, maintenance, hot swapping, fault clearing, supervising, and communicating.

 Disadvantages:

• More Expensive
• Lower Efficiency (Due to inverter is always ON).
• Higher Heat Output
• Higher battery TCO
• Higher operating cost (Supplies power is charge Battery Charger and Inverter both).
• The wattage of the rectifier is increased since it has to supply power to inverter as well as charge battery

 Applications:

• It the preferred choice for most business applications.
• Induction motor drives and similar other motor control applications.
• Medical equipments and Intensive care units.
• Electronics manufacturers.
• Data and call centers.
• TV stations
• Production-based manufacturers.

 Capacity:

• From 1 KVA up to 5 MVA.

 Comparison of all types of UPS: 

Comparison of all types of UPS
Features	OFFLINE	Line-Interactive	ON Line
Size of UPS	Compact	Moderate	Big
Cost	Cheap	Cheaper	expensive
Circuit Simplicity	Simple	Simple	Complicated
Transfer Time	4 to 10 millisecond	2 to 4 millisecond	0
Efficiency	High	Moderate	Low
Power Consumption	Less	Less	High
Battery Charging Time	More	More	Less
Battery Life	Less	Less	More
Backup Time	Short	Short	More
Surge Protection
Voltage Regulation	Low	Better	Best
Load Protection	Low	Better	Best
Size	Up to 2KVA	Up to 5KVA	5 to 500KVA
Reliability	Low	Better	Best
Isolation from Mains	Not Available	Not Available	Available
Noise Reduction	Good	Good	Best
Frequency Stability	Not Stable	Not Stable	Always Stable
Voltage Conditioning	Low	Better	Best
Cost/KVA	Low	Medium	High
Inverter always Operating	Yes	Yes	Yes
Application	For Domestic Desktops	IT Racks ,Switches ,Distributed Server	Data Center, Hospital, Banks
Capacity	Up to 800VA	800VA to 1500VA	1000VA to 5000VA

Selection of UPS:

 (1) Size of the UPS (VA & Watts)

• To decide Power Capacity of the required UPS, we should decide which should be protected and its power consumption in Amps, VA, or Watt.

(2) Back-up time

• Battery Backup time is the time that batteries are able to back-up operation and feed the load upon failure of utility power. Load consumption and size of UPS batteries decide the back-up time.

(3) Type of the UPS you need

• UPS’s are divided to three main classes.
• The Off Line (Stand-by) UPS is the simplest and the least expensive.
• The Line Interactive type, which overcomes the major disadvantages of  the off-line unit  
• The On-Line UPS, which provides the best power protection.

(4) Cost:

• For applications where low cost is critical and it does not matter if backup times are short, an OFF Line UPS is proper solution. However it will not provide adequate protection against spikes or sags from the grid.
• For applications that require complete isolation from any changes in grid power, such as many medical applications then On Line UPS is the best solution.
• For applications where power losses due to inefficiencies are less of a concern and eliminating the delay from grid power available to back power is paramount, online UPS is the only solution.
• For typical applications where conditioning Power is required and very short transfer times from grid to backup power are acceptable and daily energy consumption is a concern, Line Interactive is the preferred solution

 (5) Non-Essential or Critical Load

• For small office where PC loads is less and small network data protection is required, a small single-phase UPS is often an adequate solution.
• Most single-phase UPSs use off-line or line-interactive topologies.
• If the equipment to be protected is critical, an online UPS is the best choice.
• For loads above 10kVA, the most practical solution is a three-phase UPS, which is most normally with true-online topology. Three-phase online UPSs offer the advantage of providing centralized protection using a single UPS.

 (6) Efficiency:

• Efficiency is mainly affected on UPS design or operating mode.
• standby and line-interactive UPSs are more energy efficient than ON Line UPSs because there is no power conversion from AC to DC and then back to AC
• Efficiency is a factor of UPS size. Larger UPS modules typically have higher energy efficiency than smaller ones, because the support power required for control electronics and auxiliary components becomes a smaller portion of the total capacity of the UPS system.
• For example, a 500 kW UPS module of a given design would typically be more efficient than a 5 kW UPS module of the same design.

Efficiency of UPS
Capacity	Size Standby UPS	Line-interactive UPS	On Line UPS
5 kW	95 %	96  %	91 %
100 kW	98 %	97 %	98 %
500 kW	99%	98 %	99%

(7) Form Factor:

• Form factor refers to the the outer-shape of the unit. The Form Factor refers outer shape of UPS.
• Tower: This is smaller and a stand-alone unit, and It is primarily designed for simple home/office setups.
• Rack mounted: is larger, designed for a standard rack shelf, and is primarily used for more complex commercial operations.

(8) Noise

• UPS fan noise may or may not be an issue as per your requirement.
• Smaller UPS does not normally require a fan for cooling, but larger ones often will.
• If r work requires perfect silence, make sure your UPS is fan-free.

Resolve Power Quality problem by Type of UPS:

Power Quality Problems & solution by UPS
Power Quality Problem	Description	Effect	Solved by UPS
Temporary Interruption	Accidental total loss of utility power  (Seconds to minutes)	Equipment shutdown, loss of  data, file , hard disk and operating system Corruption	Off-line – Yes Line-interactive – Yes On-line – Yes
Long-Term Interruption	Accidental total loss of utility power (minutes to Hour)	Equipment shutdown, loss of  data, file , hard disk and operating system Corruption	Off-line – No Line-interactive –No On-line – Yes
Momentary Interruption	Very short planned or Accidental power loss. (Milliseconds to seconds)	Computer and network equipment reboots or hangs, loss of work and data, file	Off-line – Maybe Line-interactive – Maybe On-line – Yes
Sag or Under-Voltage	A decrease in utility voltage Sags  (Milliseconds to a few seconds)	Shrinking display screens, Computer hangs or reset, equipment power supply damage, loss of data, file	Off-line – No Line-interactive – Yes On-line – Yes
Swell or Over-Voltage	An increase in Utility Voltage ( Milliseconds to a few seconds)	Permanent equipment damage, Computer and network equipment reboots or hangs, loss of data	Off-line – No Line-interactive – Yes On-line – Yes
Transient, Impulse or Spike	A sudden change in voltage up to several hundreds to thousands of volts (Microseconds)	Network Errors, Burned or damaged equipment, computer and network equipment reboots or hangs, loss of work and data, file	Off-line – Yes Line-interactive – Yes On-line – Yes, Higher level of protection.
Noise	An unwanted electrical signal of high frequency from other equipment	Slow LAN, audible noise in telephone and audio equipment.	Off-line – No Line-interactive – No On-line – Yes
Harmonic Distortion	An alteration of the pure sine wave, due to nonlinear loads	Causes motors, transformers and wiring to overheat, lowers operating efficiency	Off-line – No Line-interactive – No On-line – Yes

 

Selection of Various Types of UPS (Part-1)

Introduction:

• Whenever there is a power cut, electricity supply to Computer, Desktop or other critical appliances is cut off and they stop working. However, if we have a backup supply device such as UPS, we can ensure uninterrupted supply of power to appliances to be not bothered with power cuts.
• Electrical power supply comes from utility companies is not pure it has different Electrical abnormalities like surges, under voltage, Over Voltage, Voltage dips, voltage spikes, Noise and harmonics. These Electrical abnormalities can cause serious damage to Electronics equipments, Data Systems, Computer or Desktop.
• To decrease the risk of power supply distortion, UPS systems are frequently integrated in electrical networks. Electronic power supply equipment makers can offer consistent, high-quality power flow for various Electrical / Electronic load gear likes continuous industrial processing applications, medical services, emergency gear, telecommunications, & computerized data systems.
• Today’s UPS systems usually provide some level of power conditioning and protection against fluctuations in voltage from the grid.

UPS:

• UPS means uninterrupted power supply.
• Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides uninterrupted power to the equipment. It means switching time from power cut to battery power is very less hence important equipment like computer, desktop is not switch off and we can lose data.
• A UPS is a complete system that is consisting of many parts that include batteries, a charge controller, circuitry any transfer switch for switching between the mains and back-up battery, and an inverter. An inverter is needed because the battery can only store DC power and we need to convert that back to AC in order to match the appliances connected in the main power line.
• UPS= Battery charger + Inverter
• UPS is nothing but inverter with inbuilt battery charger.
• UPS is used only to backup your system. If we connect desktop computer on inverter. Inverter takes some seconds to give battery power to equipment hence equipment shutdowns for some second in  any power loss condition and we can lose important data of desktop or computer.
• Inverter is not suitable for computer backup due to the delay in switching.
• One of more useful functions of UPS is to provide surge protection so connected devices can be protected from line Surge and does not damage. UPS is also capable of conditioning the power from the lines to provide clean and stable power throughout.

Block Diagram of UPS:

• The block diagram of this UPS is shown as below

• The mains power comes to the UPS. The AC is converted to DC and this DC is constantly charging the battery. The output of the battery is fed to the Sine wave inverter and it converts DC to AC and this feeds the equipment. Since power out is always drawn from the battery, there is no time lag when mains switches off, it just stops the battery from being charged and the UPS continues to supply power till the battery runs out.
• Battery Charger (Rectifier ): To convert AC Power (from Power Grid) to DC Power to charge Battery
• Battery: To provide DC Power.
• Inverter: To convert DC Power (from Battery) to AC Power (to power load i.e., electrical and electronic equipment.)
• Controller: To control functions of Rectifier (Charger) and Inverter. (i.e., when to start or stop charging battery, when to start or stop power from battery to load, how fast to change from Grid Power to Battery Power and so on)

 Type of UPS:

• The UPS is mainly categorized into three types according to their functions. They are as

1. Offline Standby (where system or data loss is an inconvenience)
2. Line-interactive (system or data loss is a serious problem).
3. Online/Double Conversion (system or data loss is unacceptable).

 (1) OFF Line UPS / Standby UPS:

• Off-line UPS systems are so-called “OFF Line” because load is normally connected directly to the incoming AC mains. When the incoming AC mains fails or fall below a pre-determined level, then the offline UPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage battery.
• For switching purpose UPS consists mechanically / Static switches which immediately connect the load on its DC-AC inverter output under the mains power failure condition. During this changeover there is an inevitable break in power to the load of typically 2 to 10 milliseconds. In practice, however, most loads can ride through this period without any problems.
• The switching process causes a momentary lapse in power which is dangerous for certain highly-sensitive equipment. This is why technically, the standby UPS is not considered a “true UPS”, as it is not truly “uninterruptible”.
• The typical lapse time 5ms,is well within tolerance for normal desktop computers

 Circuit Diagram:

 Working Function:

•  Normal Condition:
• In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously provide to Load with some filtering (typically the same as on a surge protection power strip) from the utility.
• In Normal Condition Battery is charged continuous charge through Battery Charger
• Battery charger convert AC power to DC Power and this DC Power charged Battery.
• Power outage Condition:
• When utility power fails, the device will start its internal inverter.
• When utility power fails mechanically transfer Switch Transfer from utility power to Battery Power, inverter output.
• This transfer can take as 25 ms, which may be too long for some Electronics loads.
• An Offline UPS will transfer to battery backup during Power cut condition.
• Off-line systems are generally equipped with spike suppressors, aimed to protect the hardware from high voltages on the utility grid.

 Advantage:

• Cheaper than other type of UPS.
• Small size.
• High efficiency.
• More economical
• More energy efficient.
• Lower operating temperature (Due to Fewer parts)
• Simple Internal control Circuit.
• Lower initial cost (fewer parts) and lower operating cost (Supplies power is charge only Charger).

Disadvantage:

• No isolation between main supply and load
• No Power Conditioning.
• Slower Transfer Time.
• Harmonic distortion is high.
• UPS output is Quasi square wave.
• The output contains voltage spikes, brownouts, blackouts.
• Output is not perfectly reliable.
• A more serious problem of offline systems is that the load is continuously exposed to spikes, transients and any other abnormalities coming from the power line. This creates a risk of loss or damage to sensitive equipment and data. However in many systems this risk is mitigated but does not eliminated, by spike suppression and radio frequency filtering
• Most of the short term spikes surges and high frequency harmonics are decayed by means of special filters but transient of mains power existence, like over voltages can harm protected data.

Applications:

• small offices, personal home computers and other less critical application
• Computers, printers, scanners etc.
• Emergency power supplies, EPABX.

Capacity:

• Up to 800VA.

Electrical Thumb Rules-Illumination-(Part-19).

Recommended Lighting Levels For Sports Areas
TYPE OF SPORTS	PRACTIVE LEVEL	MINOR LEAGUE	MAJOR LEAGUE	PROV LEVEL
Bowls	20 lux	50 lux	100 lux	150 lux
Tennis	50 lux	100 lux	150 lux	250 lux
Football	50 lux	100 lux	250 lux	450 lux
Cricket Outfield	50 lux	100 lux	250 lux	450 lux
Cricket Pitch	100 lux	200 lux	400 lux	600 lux
Hockey	50 lux	100 lux	250 lux	350 lux
Swimming	50 lux	100 lux	150 lux	250 lux

 

Industrial & Office Applications Lux Level
WORK AREAS	WORK TYPE	LUX
General Engineering	Rough Work	160 lux
General Engineering	Medium Work	400 lux
General Engineering	Fine Work	800 lux
General Engineering	Very Fine Work	1600 lux
Inspection Areas	Rough Work	160 lux
Inspection Areas	Medium Work	320 lux
Inspection Areas	Sub Assemblies	400 lux
Inspection Areas	Fine Work, electric & high precision mechanical	800 lux
Offices	Entrance halls and receptions areas	160 lux
Offices	Conference facilities, general offices, typing and filing	500 lux
Offices	Computer and business machine operation	630 lux
Offices	Drawing Offices	800 lux
Outdoor Areas	Mechanical loading	10 lux
Outdoor Areas	Manual loading	10 lux
Outdoor Areas	Service station forecourts	160 lux
Warehousing	Inactive storage	20 lux
Warehousing	Loading bays and large materials storage	100 lux
Warehousing	Small material storage, packing and dispatch	200 lux

 

Recommended Lighting Levels
Characteristics of Activity	Representative Activity	Illuminance (lux)
Interiors rarely used for visual tasks (no perception of detail)	Cable tunnels, nighttime sidewalk, parking lots	50
Interiors with minimal demand for visual acuity (limited perception of detail)	Corridors, changing rooms, loading bay	100 – 150
Interiors with low demand for visual acuity (some perception of detail)	Foyers and entrances, dining rooms, warehouses, restrooms	200
Interior with some demand for visual acuity (frequently occupied spaces)	Libraries, sports and assembly halls, teaching spaces, lecture theaters	300
Interior with moderate demand for visual acuity (some low contrast, color judgment tasks)	Computer work, reading & writing, general offices, retail shops, kitchens	500
Interior with demand for good visual acuity (good color judgment, inviting interior)	Drawing offices, chain stores, general electronics work	750
Interior with demand for superior visual acuity (accurate color judgment & low contrast)	Detailed electronics assembly, drafting, cabinet making, supermarkets	1000
Interior with demand for maximum visual acuity (low contrast, optical aids & local lighting will be of advantage)	Hand tailoring, precision assembly, detailed drafting, assembly of minute mechanisms	1500 -2000+

 

Interior Light Levels
Environment	Required Light Level
Storage Area / Plant Room (minimal movement of people)	150 – 200 Lux
Construction Areas & Loading Bays (minimal perception of detail)	300 – 500 Lux
Factories & Kitchens (higher perception of detail)	500 – 750 Lux
Inspection, Welding, And Machinery (demanding work)	750 – 1000 Lux
Electronics & Textile Production (repetitive detail)	1000 – 1500 Lux
Technical Offices (accurate detail)	1500 – 3000 Lux
Jewelers & Goldsmiths (precision detail)	3000 + Lux

 

Outdoor Light Levels
Environment	Required Light Level
Very Bright Summer Day	Up To 100,000 Lux
Overcast Summer Day	30,000 – 40,000 Lux
Floodlit Football Match	700 – 16,000 Lux
Shady Room In Daylight	250 – 300 Lux
Night Light On A Building	60 Lux
Night-Time Urban Street	10 Lux
Night-Time Car Park	1 Lux
Security Floodlights	700-1300 Lux
Shed Lights	150-300 Lux
Lamp Posts	120-180 Lux
Landscape Spotlights	120 Lux
Outdoor Path Lighting	100 Lux
Path lighting.	100 Lux
Landscape Lights	100-300 Lux
Garden lights	20 Lux

 

Illumination Level
Light levels as per IS 1944
Classification of Road	Type of road	illumination (lux)
Group A1	Important traffic routes carrying fast traffic	30
Group A2	Other main roads carrying mixed traffic, like main city streets, arterial roads, throughways etc	15
Group B1	Secondary roads with considerable traffic like principal local traffic routes, shopping streets etc	8
Group B2	Secondary roads with light traffic Important traffic routes carrying fast traffic	4

 

Illumination Level
Roadway Classification	Average Maintained Illuminance
	High lux	Medium lux	Low lux
Major/Major	34	26	18
Major/Collector	29	22	15
Collector/Collector	24	18	12
Collector/Local	21	16	10
Local/Local	18	14	8

 

Interior Lighting Level
Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers CIBSE  Part 2 (2002)
Illuminance (lux)	Activity	Area
100	Casual seeing	Corridors, changing rooms, stores
150	Some perception of detail	Loading bays, switch rooms, plant rooms
200	Continuously occupied	Foyers, entrance halls, dining rooms
300	Visual tasks moderately easy	Libraries, sports halls, lecture theatres.
500	Visual tasks moderately difficult	General offices, kitchens, laboratories, retail shops.
750	Visual tasks difficult	Drawing offices, meat inspection, chain stores.
1000	Visual tasks very difficult	General inspection, electronic assembly, paintwork, supermarkets.
1500	Visual tasks extremely difficult	Fine work and inspection, precision assembly.
2000	Visual tasks exceptionally difficult	Assembly of minute items, finished fabric inspection.

 

Illumination levels of Switch Yard
AS/NZS 1158.3.1
Switchyard area lighting targets	Illuminance (lx)
HV areas including any overhead line road crossings and any access path zone type infrastructure	10
Non-HV areas and general open areas	5
Isolated areas such as back of buildings, corners of switchyards away from HV Equipment	2

 

Sub Station Light Levels
WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED
Environment	Required Light Level
CONTROL ROOM / Switch gear Room	300
Battery Room	150
Communication Room	300
Offices/Engineers’ Room/Other Office Room	300
Toilet	100
Outdoor Switchyard area including road	30
Stairs	100
Corridor	100
Road within campus including colony area	30
Maintenance room	150
Any other spot where high level of illumination required	150
Dormitory & ‘C’ type quarters	150
Auxiliary Buildings like Pump room and other houses	150
ACDB- DCDB room/Store / Store Office	150
Conference room	300
Tiffin room/Kitchen	150
GIS Hall	150

 

Sub Station Light Levels
ODISHA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED
Environment	Required Light Level
Control Room	350
PLCC Room	300
LT Room	150
Charger Room	150
Cable Gallery	150
Heating Plant	100
Battery Room	100
Computer Room	300
Entrance lobby	150
Corridor and landing	150
Conference and display	300
Rest Room	250
AHU Room	100
DG Set Building	150
Fire Fighting Pump House	150
Switchyard – Main equipment	50
Switchyard – general equipment and balance	30
Street/Road	30

 

Electrical Thumb Rules-Illumination-(Part-18).

Recommended Lighting Levels
IESNA Lighting Handbook
Type of activity	Lighting
Public spaces with dark surroundings	30 Lux
Simple orientation for short temporary visits	50 Lux
Working spaces where visual tasks are only occasionally performed	100 Lux
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast or large scale	300 Lux
Performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size	500 Lux
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size	1000 Lux
Performance of visual tasks near threshold of person’s ability to recognize an image	3000-10000 Lux

Industries Recommended Levels of Illumination
Area And Task	Lux Level
Paper Manufacturing
Beaters, grinding	30
Finishing, cutting	50
Hand Counting	70
Paper machine reel, inspection	100
Rewinder	150
Warehousing, Storage
Inactive	5
Active:
Rough Bulky	10
Medium	20
Fine	50
Clothing Manufacture
Receiving, storing, shipping, winding, measuring	30
Pattern making, trimming	50
Shops, making	100
Textile Mills – Cotton
Opening, mixing, picking	30
Carding and drawing	50
Slubbing, roving, spinning, spooling	50
Beaming and splashing on combo Gray goods	50
Denims	150
Inspection
Gray goods (hand tuning)	150
Denims (rapid moving)	500
Automatic tying-in	150
Weaving	100
Drawing-in by hand	200
Machine Shops
Rough bench and machine work	50
Medium bench and machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding medium buffing and polishing	100
Fine bench and machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing	500
Extra-Fine bench and machine work, grinding fine work	1000

Recommended Lighting Levels
International Standard Serial Number ISSN: 2278-6252
Area/task/ process	Illuminance (lux)
Exterior circulating, walkways, stores, main entrances and exit roads, car parking, internal factory roads etc.	20-50
Boiler house, transformer yards, furnace rooms, entrances, corridors, stairs etc.	70-100
Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms, canteen	100-150
Coarse work	200-300
Medium work	300-500
Fine work	500-1500
Very fine minute and precise work	1500-3000
Bale breaking, washing , Stock dyeing, tinting, Mixing, Blowing	200-300
Carding, drawing, roving	300-500
Spinning, doubling, reeling, winding	300-750
Warping	300-400
Sizing	400-500
Heading (drawing in)	750-1000
Weaving (plain gray fabrics)	200-300
Weaving (light colored)	300-750
Weaving (dark colored)	500-1000
Knitting	300-750
Dyeing	200- 450
Calendaring, chemical treatment	300-750
Grey cloth inspection	700-1000
Final inspection	1000-2000

Recommended lighting levels
IESNA Lighting Handbook
Type of activity	Lighting (Lux)
Public spaces with dark surroundings	30
Simple orientation for short temporary visits	50
Working spaces where visual tasks are only occasionally performed	100
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast or large scale	300
Performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size	500
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size	1000
Performance of visual tasks near threshold of person’s ability to recognize an image	3000-10000

Illuminance Values for Indoor Activities
TABLE 10.4 IES
ACTIVITY	CATEGORY	LUX
Public spaces with dark surroundings	large area (lobby space)	20-30-50
Simple orientation for short temporary visits	large area (lobby space)	50-75-100
Working spaces where visual tasks are only occasionally performed	large area (lobby space)	100-150-200
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast or large size	localized tasks	200-300-500
Performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size	localized tasks	500-750-1000
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size	localized tasks	1000-1500-2000 100
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast  or very small size over a prolonged period	extremely difficult visual tasks	2000-3000-5000
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks	extremely difficult visual tasks	5000-7500-10000
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast	extremely difficult visual tasks	10000-15000-20000

Lighting levels-Sports
Sports	Illumination
Football/Rugby
National/ international	500 Lux
Regional/Local	200 Lux
Local/Training	75 Lux
Tennis
National/ international	500 Lux
Regional/Local	300 Lux
Local/Training	200 Lux
Equestrian
National/ international	500 Lux
Regional/Local	200 Lux
Local/Training	100 Lux
Badminton
National/ international	750 Lux
Regional/Local	500 Lux
Local/Training	300 Lux
Court lighting
Social Play	310 Lux
Club Competition	435 Lux
International	1250 Lux
Swimming
National/Internal	750 Lux
Regional/Local	500 Lux
Local/Training	200 Lux

Lighting levels-Sports
Australian Standard  AS 2560.2.6 – 1994
Sport	Illumination Level
Baseball
Baseball (International & National)	1500 lux
Baseball (AAA Standard)	750 lux
Baseball (Club Competition)	250 lux
Football
Recreational Level	50 lux
Amateur Level (Training)	50 lux
Amateur Level (Competition)	100 lux
Semi-Professional level (Training)	50 lux
Semi-Professional (match Practice)	100 lux
Semi-Professional (Competition)	200 lux
Professional level (Training)	100 lux
Professional level (Match practice)	200 lux
Professional level (Competition)	500 lux
For all sports the minimum for TV coverage.	1500 lux

Recommended Lighting Levels For Sports Areas
Area Type	Lux
Archery, indoor
General Area	25
Shooting Zone	50
Target (Vertical)	100
Badminton
Recreational	300
Supervised Training	400
Club & County	400
National & International	500
Bowls, indoor
Practice	300
Club & County	400
National & International	500
Boxing
Club & Supervised Training	500
Regional	750
National	1000
International	2000
Special Events	2000
Cricket, indoor
Recreational & Supervised Training	400
Club & County	500
Cycle Racing,
Training	300
Club	500
National & International	750
Equestrian, indoor
Practice & Training, show jumping	400
Practice & Training, Dressage	300
Competition Show Jumping	700
Competition Dressage)	500
Five-A-Side Football, indoor
Recreational & Supervised Training	300
Club & County	400
National & International	500
Handball, indoor
Recreational & Supervised Training	300
Club	400
County & National	500
International	750
Hockey, indoor
Recreational & Supervised Training	300
Club	400
County & National	500
International	750
Ice Rinks, Indoor
Hockey & Figure Skating Training	200
Hockey & Figure Skating Competition	750
Skating, Recreational	100
Lawn Tennis, indoor
Recreational	300
Practice & Club	400
County	500
National & International	750
Lawn Tennis, outdoor
Recreational	200
Club	300
County	400
National & International	500
Martial Arts, indoor
Supervised Training	300
Club	400
National	500
Netball, indoor
Recreational & Supervised Training	300
Club & County	400
National & International	500
Shooting, indoor
Target (Vertical)	1000
Shooting Zone	300
Snooker & Billiards
Recreational & Club	750
National & International	1000
Squash
Recreational & Supervised Training	300
Club & County	400
indoor National	500
International	750
Swimming, indoors
Recreational	200
Club & County	300
National	500
International	10000
Table Tennis
Recreational	200
Club & County	300
National	500
International	750
Volleyball
Recreational	200
Training, Club & County	300
National	500
International	750
Weight Training
Supervised Training	400
Sports Halls
Recreational	300
Club & County	400-500
National & International	500-750
Televised (vertical/normal to camera)	1000-2000
Indoor Arenas
Maintenance of Area	100
General Lighting & Training	300
Competition	500
Spectator Viewed Events	900
Televised (vertical/normal to camera)	1000-2000

Electrical Thumb Rules-Illumination-(Part-17).

 

Lighting levels
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Building	Lux
Areas common to most buildings
Entrance hall, lobby, waiting room	200
Enquiry desk	500
Corridor, passageway, stairs	100
Atria	50-200
Changing room, cloakroom, lavatory	100
Rest room	150
Canteen, cafeteria, dining room	200
Kitchen	300
Commercial offices
General offices	500
Computer workstations	300-500
Conference rooms, executive offices	500
Computer and data preparation rooms	500
Filing room	300
Banks and building societies
Counter, office area	500
Public area	300
Hotels
Entrance halls	100
Reception, cashiers and porters’ desks	300
Bars, coffee bars, dining rooms, grill rooms, restaurants, lounges	50-200
Cloakrooms, baggage, rooms	100
Bedrooms	50-100
Bathrooms	150
Kitchen	150-300
Retailing
Small retail outlets	500
Grocery/vegetable stores	500
Showrooms	1000
Covered arcades and malls	500-700
Fashion	500-750
Supermarket	750
Restaurant	200
Bookshop, chemist, jeweler	500
Superstore	1000
Electrical/furniture store	750
Arcades and malls	50-300
Places of public assembly
Cinema and theatre foyer	200
Booking office	300
Auditoria	100-150
Library	150-300
Museum art gallery	50-300
Lecture theatre	300
Church	100-300
School and College
Computer Room	300
Classroom and Tuition Centre	350
Technical Drawing Room	750
Museum and Science Centre
General Area and Corridor	150
Common Toilet and Restroom	200
Special Lighting for Paintings	300
Special Lighting for Sculptures	750
Retail Shop and Outlet
Sales Area and Premises	400
Gift Wrap Station	450
Cash Register Counter	500
Commercial Space and Office
Lift Lobby	200
Corridor	300
Toilet and Restroom	150
Cafeteria	350
Plant Room (AHU, Genset etc.)	150
Store Room	180
Hospital
Lift Lobby	200
Corridor	250
Waiting Area and Lobby	300
Common Toilet and Restroom	250
Waiting rooms	200
Counseling Room	200
Breast-Feeding Room	200
Intensive Care Unit	300
High Dependency Unit	300
Isolation Room	300
Isolation Room – Ante Room	300
Delivery Suite – Labor Room	300
Simple examination room	300
Operating Theatre – Air-Lock	300
CSSD/TSSU – Sterilization Area	300
CSSD/TSSU – Packing Area	500
Patient Ward – Room	300
Patient Ward – Toilet	150
Operating theatre	1000
Conference Room	400
Catering Dept – Main Kitchen	400
Catering Dept – Beverage Kitchen	300
Catering Dept – Refuse Holding	150
Nursing Homes
Entrance lobbies	200
Lounges (communal)	300
Kitchens	300
Bathrooms	150
Toilets	100
Corridors	100
Staircases	100
Quiet / rest rooms	100
Dining rooms	200
Stores	100
Hotel and Restaurant
Lift Lobby	150
Corridor	150
Common Toilet and Restroom	150
Bar	150
Bedroom	200
Conference Room	400
Exhibition Hall	500
Cinema, Concert Hall and Theatre
Entrance Foyer	200
Auditorium	150
Toilet and Restroom	200
Dress Change	300
Make-Up Room	400
Residential Buildings
Living Room	200
Dining Room	250
Kitchen	250
Bedroom	180
Bathroom	150

 

Lighting Levels
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Area	Illuminance (lux)
Lifts	100
Corridors and stairs	100
Toilets	100
Canteens	300
Mess rooms	150 – 300
Plant rooms	150 – 300
Store rooms	100

 

Recommended Lighting Levels
Singapore Standards SS 531-1 : 2006 (2013)
Type of area, task or activity	Lux
Shipyards & Docks
Shipyard area, storage areas	20
Short term handling of large units	20
Ship hull cleaning	50
Ship hull painting and welding	100
Mounting of electrical and mechanical components	200
Building Sites
Clearance, excavation and loading	20
Construction areas, drain pipes mounting, auxiliary and storage tasks	50
Framework element mounting, light reinforcement work, wooden mould and framework mounting, electric piping and cabling	100
Element jointing, electrical machine and pipe mountings	200
Very Low Risk: Storage areas with occasional traffic in industrial outdoor	5
Low Risk: Occasionally used platforms and stairs in petrochemical industries	10
Medium Risk: Pre-Fabrication yards, Vehicle storage, Fuel storage	20
High Risk: Areas with pits / excavations, Valves, compressors area, regularly used staircase and platforms	50
Office Interior
Filing, copying	300
Writing, reading, Data processing	500
Technical drawings	750
CAD work stations	500
Conf& Meeting rooms	500
Reception desk	300

 

Recommended Lighting Levels
SAUDI STANDARD-4520
Area	Lux
General Area
Entrance halls	100
Lounges	200
Circulation area and corridors	100
Stairs, escalators, travelators	150
Loading ramps/bays	150
Canteens	200
Rest rooms	100
Rooms for physical exercise	300
Cloakrooms, washrooms, bathrooms, toilets	200
Sick bay	500
Rooms for medical attention	500
Plant rooms, switch gear rooms	500
Dispatch packing handling areas	300
Control station	150
Agriculture building
Loading and operating of goods handling equipment and machinery	200
Building for livestock	50
Sick animal pens, calving stalls	200
Feed preparation, dairy, utensil washing	200
Bakeries
Preparation and baking	300
Finishing, glazing,decorating	500
Cement, concrete, & bricks industry
Drying	50
Preparation of materials,work on kilns and mixers	200
General machine work	300
Rough forms	300
Ceramics and glass industry
Drying	50
Preparation, general machine work	300
Enameling, rolling, pressing, shaping simple parts, glazing	300
Grinding, engraving, glass polishing, shaping precision parts, manufacture of glass instruments	750
Decorative work	500
Grinding of optical glass, crystal hand grinding and engraving, work on average goods	750
Precision work e.g decorative grinding, hand painting	1000
Manufacture of synthetic stones precious	1500
Chemicals, plastics and rubber industry
Remote operated processing installations	50
Processing installations with limited manual intervention	150
Constantly manned work places in processing installations	300
Precision measuring rooms, laboratories	500
Pharmaceutical production	500
Tire production	500
Color inspection	1000
Cutting, finishing, inspection	750
Electrical industry
Cable and wire manufacture	300
Wending -large coils	300
Wending-medium-sized coils	500
Wending-small Coils	750
Coil impregnating	300
Galvanizing	300
Assembly work-rough e.g. large transformers	300
Assembly work- medium e.g. switchboards	500
Assembly work- fine e.g. telephones	750
Assembly work-precision e.g. measuring equip.	1000
Assembly work-Electronic workshops, testing, adjusting	1500
Mosques
Prayer Area, Mosques	300
Airports
Arrival and departure halls, baggage claim areas	200
Connecting areas, escalators, travelators	150
Information desks, check in desks	500
Customs and passport control desks	500
Waiting areas	200
Luggage store rooms	200
Security check areas	300
Air traffic control tower	500
Air traffic rooms	500
Testing and repair hangars	500
Engine test areas	500
Measuring areas in hangars	500
Platforms and passenger subways (underpasses)	50
Ticket hall and concourse	200
Ticket and luggage offices and counters	300
Waiting rooms	200
Health care premises
Waiting rooms	200
Corridors: during the day	200
Corridors: during the night	50
Day rooms	200
Staff office	500
Staff rooms	300
Wards-General lighting	100
Wards-Reading lighting	300
Wards-Simple examination	300
Examination and treatment	1000
Night lighting, observation lighting	5
Bathrooms and toilets for patients	200
Examination room general	500
Ear and eye examination	1000
Reading and Color vision test with vision charts	500
Scanners with image enhancers and television systems	50
Dialysis rooms	500
Dermatology rooms	500
Endoscopy rooms	300
Plaster rooms	500
Medical baths	300
Massage and radiotherapy	300
Pre-operation and recovery rooms	500
Operating theatre	1000
Intensive care- General lighting	100
Intensive care- Simple examinations	300
Intensive care-Examination and treatment	1000
Intensive care– Night watch	20
Dentists- General lighting	500
Dentists- At the patient	1000
Dentists- Operating cavity	5000
Dentists- White teeth matching	5000
Color inspection (laboratories)	1000
Sterilization rooms	300
Disinfection rooms	300
Autopsy rooms and mortuaries	500
Autopsy table and dissecting table	5000
Educational buildings
Play school room	300
Nursery class	300
Nursery craft room	300
Classrooms, tutorial rooms	300
Classroom for evening classes and adults education	500
Lecture hall	500
Black board	500
Demonstration table	500
Art and craft rooms	500
Art rooms in art schools	750
Technical drawing rooms	750
Practical rooms and laboratories	500
Teaching workshop	500
Music practice rooms	300
Computer practice rooms	500
Language laboratory	300
Preparation rooms and workshops	500
Student common rooms and assembly halls	200
Teachers rooms	300
Sports halls, gymnasiums and swimming pools	300
Public car parks (indoor)
In/out ramps	300
In/out ramps (at night)	75
Traffic lanes	75
Parking areas	75
Ticket office	300
Libraries
Bookshelves	200
Reading area	500
Counters	500
Places of entertainment
Theatres & concert halls	200
Multipurpose halls	300
Practice rooms, dressing rooms	300
Museums (general)	300
Restaurants and hotels
Reception/cashier desk, porters desk	300
Kitchen	500
Restaurant, dining room, function room	200
Self-service restaurant	200
Buffet	300
Conference rooms	500
Corridors	100
Retailing
Sales area small	300
Sales area large	500
Till area	500
Wrapper table	500

 

Illuminance values
As per IES
Area Type	Lux
CIRCULATION AREA
Corridors, Passageway	100
Lift	150
Stairs	150
Escalator	150
External Covered Ways	30
ENTRANCES
Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting rooms	150
Enquiry desk	500
Gate houses	300
KITCHENS
Foods stores	150
General	500
OUTDOOR
Controlled entrance halls or  exit gate	150
Entrance and exit car park	30
Stores, stockyards	30
Industrial covered ways	50
STAFF RESTAURANTS
Centre cafeterias, dining room	300
MEDICAL AND FIRST AIDS CENTRES
Consultant room, treatment areas	500
Medical stores	100
Rest room	150
STAFF ROOM
Changing locker and cleaner’s room, cloakrooms lavatories	150
Rest rooms	150
STORE AND STOCK ROOMS	150
Telecommunication board,switchboard rooms	500
Cordless switchboard	300
Apparatus rooms	150
Teteprinter rooms	500
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE HANGERS
Aircraft engine testing	750
Inspection and repairs (hanger)	500
GARAGES
External apron general	50
Pumps	300
Parking areas (interior) general repairs servicing	30
Greasing, pits washing, polishing	500
GAS WORKS
Exterior walkways and platforms	50
Exterior stairs and ladders	100
Retort house, oil gas plants, watergas plant purifier, indoor coke	100
Booster and exhauster houses	150
GAUGE TOOLS ROOMS
General	1000
INSPECTION & TESTING SHOP
Rough work e.g. counting rough Checking of stock parts	300
sub-assemblies	500
Fine work e.g. radio and telecommunication equipment, calibrated scales, precision mechanism, instruments	1000
Very fine work e.g. gauging and inspections of small intricate parts	1500
Minute work e.g. very small instruments	3000
HOMES
Living rooms general	50
Casual reading	150
Sewing darningsrudies desk and protuged	300
Bedroom general	50
Bed lead kitchen	150
Bathrooms	100
Halls and landings	150
Stairs	100
Workshops	300
Garages	50
INDOOR SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL BUILDING
MULTIPURPOSE SPORTS HALLS
Athletics, basketball, bowls, judo	300
Hockey	700
BADMINTON COURTS	300
BILLIARD ROOMS
General  Table special lighting	100
CARD ROOMS	300
GYMNASIA GENERAL	500
SWIMMING POOL
Top pool	500
Spectator areas	150
Club recreational	300
Changing rooms showers, lookers rooms	150
TABLE TENNIS
Club	300
Recreational	200
HOSPITAL
Ward unit bed heads general	30
General	150
Nurse station evening	300
Pharmacies dispensing bench	500
Shelves	150
Reception general	300
Enquiry desk	500
Laboratories	500
Operating theatre suits general	400
Operating area	30-50
X-ray department radio diagnostic and rooms fluoroscopy	500
TRANSPORTS TERMINAL BUILDING
Airport coach and railway station
Reception areas (desk),customs and immigration halls	500
Railway stations booking offices	500
Railway station parcel and left luggage offices counters	300
Circulation area	150
Waiting area	300
SCHOOL
Assembly halls general	300
Teaching spaces general	300
Teaching spaces general	300
General where also used for further education	500
Chalkboard	500
Beedlework rooms	500
Laboratories	500
Workshop	300
Gymnasium	300
Music practice rooms	300
MUSEUM AND ART GALLERIES GENERAL
Exhibits insensitive to light	300
Light sensitive exhibits	150
Specially light sensitive exhibit	50
LIBRARIES
Shelves, book stack	150
Reading table	300
Reading rooms, newspaper and magazines	300
Reference libraries	500
Counters	500
Cataloging and sorting	500
Binding	500
Closed book store	100
PUBLIC BUILDING ASSEMBLY AND CONCERT HALLS
Theatre and concert halls	100
Cinemas	50
Multipurpose	500
SHOP
Conventional with counters	500
Conventional with wall display	500
Conventional with wall display	500
SHOP
Self service	500
Supermarkets	500
Hypermarkets	500
General	500
OFFICES AND SHOPS
Executive office	500
Computer rooms	500
Punch card rooms	750
Drawing offices drawing boards	750
Reference table and general	500
Print room	300
OFFICE
General office with mainly clerical task and typing office	500
Deep plan general offices	750
Business machine and typing	750
Filling room	300
Conference rooms	750
Aircraft Industry
Maintenance area	750
Inspection area	1000
Paint Shop	1000
Testing area	750
Instruments assembly	1500
Electrical assembly	1500
Explosives Manufacturing
Furnaces, Boiling Tanks, Driers	200
Mechanical furnaces, mechanical driers, generators	500
Paint Shop
Simple spraying	200
Fine finishing	500
Extra fine finishing	2000
Paint Manufacturing
Processing	200-500
Mix comparison	1000-2000
Electricity generating station
Boilers area	50
Cooling towers	50
Fuel handling	50
Storage tanks	10
Transformer yards	50
Turbine areas	50
Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Process areas
General process units
Pump rows, valves, manifolds	50
Heat exchangers	30
Maintenance platforms	10
Operating platforms	50
Cooling towers (equipment areas)	50
Furnaces	30
Ladders and stairs (inactive)	10
Ladders and stairs (active)	50
Gauge glassed	50
Instruments (on process units)	50
Compressor house	200
Separators	50
General area	10
Control rooms and houses
Ordinary control house	300
Instrument panel	300
Console	300
Back of panel	100
Central control house	500
Instrument panel	500
Console	500
Back of panel	100
Specialty process units
Electrolytic cell room	50
Electric furnace	50
Conveyors	20
Conveyor transfer points Change house	50
Locker room, shower	100
Lavatory	100
Clock house and entrance gatehouse Card rack and clock area	100
Entrance gate, inspection	150
General	50
Cafeteria
Eating	300
Serving area	300
Food preparation	300
General, halls, etc.	100
Garage and firehouse
Storage and minor repairs	100
First aid room	700
Iron and Steel Industry
Open hearth
Stock yard	100
Charging floor, Pouring side , Slag pits	200
Control platforms	300
Mold yard	50
Kilns (operating area)	50
Extruders and mixers	200
Non process areas
Loading, unloading, and cooling
water pump houses
Pump area	50
General control area	150
Control panel	200
Boiler and air compressor plants
Indoor equipments	200
Outdoor equipments	50
Tank fields (where lighting is required)
Ladders and stairs	5
Gauging area	10
Manifold area	5
Loading racks
General area	50
Tank car	100
Tank trucks, loading point	100
Electrical substations and switch yards
Outdoor switch yards	20
General substation outdoor	20
Substation operating aisles	150
General substation indoor	50
Switch racks	50
Plant road lighting (where lighting is Required)
Frequent use (trucking)	4
Infrequent use	2
Plant parking lots Aircraft obstruction lighting	1
Buildings
Laboratories Qualitative, quantitative and physical test	500
Research, experimental	500
Pilot plant, process and specialty	300
ASTM equipment knock test	300
Glassware, washrooms	300
Fume hoods	300
Stock rooms	150
Warehouse and stock rooms
Indoor bulk storage	50
Outdoor bulk storage	5
Large bin storage	50
Small bin storage	100
Small parts storage	200
Counter tops	300
Repair shop
Large fabrication	200
Bench and machine work	500
Craneway, aisles	150
Small machine	300
Sheet metal	200
Electrical	200
Instrument	300
Hot top	300
Hot top storage	100
Checker cellar	100
Buggy and door repair	300
Stripping yard	200
Scrap stockyard	100
Mixer building	300
Calcining building	100
Skull cracker	100
Rolling mills
Blooming, scabbing, hot strip Hot sheet	300
Cold strip, plate	300
Pipe, rod, tube, wire drawing	500
Merchant and sheared plate	300
Tin plate mills Tinning and galvanizing	500
Cold strip rolling	500
Motor room, machine room Inspection	1000
Black plate, bloom and billet chipping Tin plate and other bright surfaces	2000