Calculate Size of Anchor Fastener for Water Pipe Support

• Calculate Weight of Empty Water Pipe
• Calculate Weight of Pipe including Liquid
• Calculate weight  of Pipe Support
• Calculate Tensile Load of Pipe and Support
• Calculate Total Tensile Load
• Calculate Size of Anchor Fastener

FREE DOWNLOAD

Quick Reference -HVAC

HVAC Power Consumption (IS 1391)
Cooling Capacity (Kcal/Hr)	Maximum Power Consumption (KW)
3000	1.65
4S00	2.3
6000	3.1
7500	3.6
9000	4.4
1 kcal/Hr= 1.16278 watt

 

HVAC Noise Level (IS 1391)
Rated Cooling Capacity (Kcal/Hr)	Maximum Noise Level (DBA)
	Indoor	Outdoor
4500 or less	58	68
5000 or more	62	70

 

Centrifugal Fans (As per CPWD)
Type	Characteristics	Typical Applications	Efficiency (%)
Radial	High pressure, medium flow, efficiency close to tube-axial fans, power increases continuously	Various industrial applications, suitable for dust laden, moist air/ gases	72–79
Forward curved blades	Medium pressure, high flow, dip in pressure curve, efficiency higher than radial fans, power rises continuously	Low pressure HVAC, packaged units, suitable for clean and dust laden air/ gases	60–65
Backward curved blades	High pressure, high flow, High efficiency, power reduces as flow  increases beyond point of highest efficiency	HVAC, various industrial applications forced draft fans,	79–83
Airfoil type	Same as backward curved type, highest efficiency	Same as backward curved, but for clean air applications	79–83

 

Axial Flow Fans (As per CPWD)
Type	Characteristics	Typical Applications	Efficiency (%)
Propeller	Low pressure, high flow, low efficiency, peak efficiency close to point of free air delivery (zero static pressure)	Air-circulation, ventilation, exhausts.	45–50
Tube axial	Medium pressure, high flow, higher efficiency than propeller type, dip in pressure-flow curve before peak pressure	HVAC, drying ovens, exhaust Systems	67–72
Vane axial	High pressure, medium flow, dip in pressure-flow curve, use of guide vanes improves Efficiency exhausts	High pressure applications including HVAC systems	78–85

 

Thickness of sheets for Rectangular Ductwork   (As per CPWD)
Longest side (mm)	Minimum sheet thickness
	For GSS	For Aluminum
750 mm and below	0.63 mm	0.8 mm
751 mm to 1500 mm	0.8 mm	1 mm
1501 mm to 2250 mm	1 mm	1.5 mm
2251 mm & above	1.25 mm	1.8 mm
All ducts shall be fabricated either from Galvanized Sheet Steel (GSS) conforming to IS: 277 or aluminum sheets conforming to IS:737. The steel sheets shall be hot dip galvanized with MAT finish with coating of minimum 120 grams per square meter (GSM) of Zinc, GI sheets shall be lead free, eco friendly and Ro HS compliant

 

Thickness of sheet for Round Ducts (As per CPWD)
Diameter of duct, mm	Thickness of Sheet
	For GSS	For Aluminum
150 to 500 mm	0.63 mm	0.8 mm
501 to 750 mm	0.8 mm	0.8 mm
751 to 1000 mm	0.8 mm	1 mm
1001 to 1250 mm	1 mm	1.5 mm
1251 mm and above	1.25 mm	1.8 mm
All sheet metal connections, partitions and plenums required for flow of air through the filters, fans etc. shall be at least 1.25 mm thick galvanized steel sheets, in case of G.I. sheet ducting or 1.8 mm thick aluminum sheet, in case of aluminum sheet ducting and shall be stiffened with 25 mm x 25 mm x 3 mm angle iron braces.
Circular ducts, where provided shall be of thickness as specified in IS: 655 as amended up to date.
Aluminum ducting shall normally be used for clean room applications, hospitals works and wherever high cleanliness standards are functional requirements

 

Duct’s Associated Items
Application	Duct Width	Angle size
Flanges	Up to 1000 mm	35 mm x 35 mm x 3 mm
Flanges	1001 mm to 2250 mm	40 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm
Flanges	More than 2250 mm	50 mm x 50 mm x 3 mm
Bracings	Up to 1000 mm	25 mm x 25 mm x 3 mm
Bracings	More than 1000 mm	40 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm
Support angles	Up to 1000 mm	40 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm
Support angles	1001 mm to 2250 mm	40 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm
Support angles	More than 2250 mm	Size and type of RS section shall be decided in individual cases
Hanger rods shall be of mild steel and of at least 10 mm dia for ducts up to 2250 mm size, and 12 mm dia for larger sizes
All nuts, bolts and washers shall be zinc plated steel. All rivets shall be galvanized or shall be made of magnesium – aluminum alloy. Self tapping screws shall not be used.

 

Comparison of the VRF/ VRV systems with the Central Chilled water system (As per CPWD)
Points	VRF AC	Chilled Water based AC	Remarks
System Base	It is Gas Base System	It is Water Base System
Peak Power Demand	1.6KW/TR peak. (Efficiency drastically reduces at high ambient)	1.3KW/TR Peak. (IKW/TR<0.6 now for chilling units.)	Higher size & cost of Power Supply Capital Equipment like Transformers etc. & thus higher Cu losses in VRF system.
Annual Power Consumption	1.15 to 1.20	1	Annually extra expenditure of 15 to 20% in electricity bills in VRF system.
Security & Safety of Equipment & System	Copper piping on terrace & in building	MS piping	VRF system equipments/ materials prone to theft & damage by miscreants
Terrace Space	Almost 80% terrace is used for ODUs & Cu pipe & power cables	Only Cooling Towers need to be installed at terrace.	Problem of cleaning terrace & loss of water proofing also occurs over time.
Water Scarcity	No water required	Regular Supply of Water required for condenser cooling	Major advantage in VRF system but, now STPs are generating water for meeting up to 75% of AC Plant demand. Water drift losses also being reduced by use of Geothermal Energy.
Air Quality of Conditioned space	RH ,Co2, Bacteria, dust & other pollutants Control only to very limited extent.	Full control	Sick building syndrome is taken care of in Water based system with AHUs and demand based fresh air supply.
Service / Attending to faults	Personnel have to go into the room. Problems of condensate dripping in rooms.	Such problems limited only in AHUs.
Long Term Benefits	Maintenance Expensive	Low Cost Maintenance
Fire Safety	Refrigerant in system goes to all areas in building and is combustible at high temperatures, releasing toxic products of combustion.	Only water in AHUs and Air only in rooms through ducts. Refrigerant is limited to only within the Chilling Units.	Water based system is safer.
Life	10 Years	15-20 Years
Applications	Home or Small office with variable occupancy. More cost effective in room redundancy cases.	Large office, continuously large air conditioning loads, proper controlled conditioning of  space.

 

Comparison of  VRF and VRV System (As per CPWD)
Application	Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system	VRV System with Chiller based Air conditioners
Power Consumptions	Up to 1.6 KW/TR of refrigeration.	Up to 1.3 KW/TR of refrigeration.
Application	Most of the VRF units are designed at an ambient temperature of 36°C, and so its use would not be suitable if the system is used in places with hotter temperature.	Customization in design of the Chiller system can be done with respect to ambient temperature
Performance in Hot Temperature	If the system is used at hotter place then system de-rates.	This is not the case in chiller based system.
Space	It requires more space for its outdoor unit as maximum size of outdoor unit available is 60 hp, so a large no. of outdoor units would be required to fulfill the requirement of 3500-4000 TR	It can be managed by a single plant room.
Design	its design is very complex	Its design is comparatively less complex
COP	its CoP (Coefficient of Performance) varies from 3 to 4.2; a higher CoP implies greater efficiency	Its CoP varies from 5.4 (for 750 TR chiller) to 6.3 (for 1000 TR chiller)
Efficiency	Its part load efficiency is good if used at more than 50 % rated capacity	Its part load efficiency is good even at one – third of the rated capacity.

 

Thumb Rules-VENTILATION & CEILING FAN

 

Recommended values for air changes  (NBC-5.2.2.1) & CPWD
Application	Air Change per Hour
Assembly rooms	4 to 8
Bakeries	20 to 30
Banks/building societies	4 to 8
Bathrooms	6 to 10
Bedrooms	2 to 4
Billiard rooms	6 to 8
Cafes and coffee bars	10 to 12
Canteens	8 to 12
Cellars	3 to 10
Changing rooms	6 to 10
Churches	1 to 3
Cinemas and theatres	10 to 15
Club rooms 12, Min	12 to 15
Compressor rooms	10 to 12
Conference rooms	8 to 12
Corridors	5 to 10
Dairies	8 to 12
Dance halls	12
Dye works	20 to 30
Electroplating shops	10 to 12
Entrance halls	3 to 5
Factories and work shops	8 to 10
Foundries	15 to 30
Garages	6 to 8
Glass houses	25 to 60
Gymnasium	6
Hair dressing saloon	10 to 15
Hospitals sterilizing	15 to 20
Hospital wards	6 to 8
Hospital domestic	15 to 20
Laboratories	6 to 15
Launderettes	10 to 15
Laundries	10 to 30
Lavatories	6 to 15
Lecture theatres	5 to 8
Libraries	3 to 5
Lift cars	20
Living rooms	3 to 6
Mushroom houses	6 to 10
Offices	6 to 10
Paint shops (not cellulose)	10 to 20
Photo and X-ray dark room	10 to 15
Public house bars	12
Recording control rooms	15 to 25
Recording studios	10 to 12
Restaurants	8 to 12
Schoolrooms	5 to 7
Shops and supermarkets	8 to 15
Shower baths	15 to 20
Stores and warehouses	3 to 6
STP rooms	30
Squash courts	4
Swimming baths	10 to 15
Toilets	6 to 10
Underground vehicle parking	6
Utility rooms	15 to 30
Welding shops	15 to 30
Note: The ventilation rates may be increased by 50 % where heavy smoking occurs or if the room is below the ground.

 

Recommended values for air changes
Application	Air Change per Minute
Assembly Hall	7
Auditorium	10
Barber Shop	6
Basement	8
Battery Room	4
Boiler Room	1
Bowling Alley	5
Engine Room	6
Gymnasium	8
Projection Booth	2
Church	15
Factory	6
Laundry	2
Summer Cooling	1
Classroom	6
Forge Room	3
Locker Room	3
Toilet	3
Dance Hall	5
Foundry	4
Machine Shop	8
Transformer Room	1
Department Store	6
Garage	5
Plating Room	3
Warehouse	12
Dry Cleaning	5
General Office	10
Pressing Room	1
Welding Shop	2

 

TYPE A CEILING FANS (IS-374)
FAN SIZE	AIR DELIVERY (m3/min)	MAXIMUM INPUT
900	140	42
1050	165	48
1200	215	50
1400	270	60
1500	300	63

 

Size of Ceiling Fan
Area	Suggested Fan Size
Up to 9 Square Meters	900mm (36″)
Up to 12 Square Meters	1067mm (42″)
Up to 18 Square Meters	1200mm (48″)
Up to 30 Square Meters	1300mm (52″)
Up to 40 Square Meters	1400mm (56″)

 

Size and Number of Ceiling Fans for Rooms (As per NBC Table-10)
Room Width	Room Length
	Fan Size (mm) /No of Fan
	4 Meter	5 Meter	6 Meter	7 Meter	8 Meter	9 Meter	10 Meter	11 Meter	12 Meter	14 Meter	16 Meter
3 Meter	1200/1	1400/1	1500/1	1050/2	1200/2	1400/2	1400/2	1400/2	1200/3	1400/3	1400/3
4 Meter	1200/1	1400/1	1200/2	1200/2	1200/2	1400/2	1400/2	1500/2	1200/3	1400/3	1500/3
5 Meter	1400/1	1400/1	1400/2	1400/2	1400/2	1400/2	1400/2	1500/2	1400/3	1400/3	1500/3
6 Meter	1200/2	1400/2	900/4	1050/4	1200/4	1400/4	1400/4	1500/4	1200/6	1400/6	1500/6
7 Meter	1200/2	1400/2	1050/4	1050/4	1200/4	1400/4	1400/4	1500/4	1200/6	1400/6	1500/6
8 Meter	1200/2	1400/2	1200/4	1200/4	1200/4	1400/4	1400/4	1500/4	1200/6	1400/6	1500/6
9 Meter	1400/2	1400/2	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1500/4	1400/6	1400/6	1500/6
10 Meter	1400/2	1400/2	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1400/4	1500/4	1400/6	1400/6	1500/6
11 Meter	1500/2	1500/2	1500/4	1500/4	1500/4	1500/4	1500/4	1500/4	1500/6	1500/6	1500/6
12 Meter	1200/3	1400/3	1200/6	1200/6	1200/6	1400/6	1400/6	1500/6	1200/7	1400/9	1400/9
13 Meter	1400/3	1400/3	1200/6	1200/6	1200/6	1400/6	1400/6	1500/6	1400/9	1400/9	1500/9
14 Meter	1400/3	1400/3	1400/6	1400/6	1400/6	1400/6	1400/6	1500/6	1400/9	1400/9	1500/9

 

Ceiling Fan Criteria (As per NBC)
Capacity of a ceiling fan	=55D m3/min ,D= the longer dimension of a room
Height of fan blades above the floor	= (3H + W)/4, where H is the height of the room, W is the height of work plane.
Minimum distance between fan blades and the ceiling	=0.3 m.

 

Size Your Fan for the Room (ENERGY STAR)
Room Size	Fan Size
Up to 75 sq. ft.	29 To 36 inches or smaller
75 to 144 sq. ft.	36 to 42 inches
144 to 225 sq. ft.	44 to 50 inches
225 to 400 sq. ft.	50 to 54 inches
Over 400 Sq. ft	54 To 72 inches multiple fans installed

 

Minimum Efficacy Levels of Ceiling Fans (ENERGY STAR )
Airflow (CFM)	Minimum Efficacy Level (CFM/W)
Low	At low speed, airflow of 1250 CFM and an efficiency of 155 cfm/W.
Medium	At medium speed, airflow of 3000 CFM and an efficiency of 100 cfm/W.
High	At high speed, airflow of 5000 CFM and an efficiency of 75 cfm/W.

 

Ceiling Fan Rod Extend Length
Ceiling Height	Pole Length
8 Feet	No Down rod
9 Feet	6 Inches
10 Feet	12 Inches
11 Feet	18 Inches
12 Feet	24 Inches
13 Feet	36 Inches
14 Feet	48 Inches
15 Feet	60 Inches
20 Feet or greater	72 Inches

 

Ceiling Fan Height Chart
Ceiling Height	Distance
< 8 Feet	Choose a low-profile ceiling fan. 18″ Minimum distance blade to wall. 7′ minimum distance blade to floor.
> 9 Feet	Choose a ceiling fan down rod. 18″ Minimum distance blade to wall.

 

Distance between Two Fans
Fan Size	Distance
36″ (900mm)	1.8 Meter
42″ (1000mm)	2 Meter
48″ (1200mm)	2.5 Meter
56″ (1400mm)	3 Meter

 

Fan Blade Pitch Angle and No of Blade
Fan Blade pitch	It is the angle of fan’s blades (measured in degrees) and it is in conjunction with the fan motor,
	It is show how well fan is able to circulate air.
	Higher blade pitches typically move more air in cubic feet per minute, or CFM.
	The optimal blade pitch for a ceiling fan is between 12 and 15 degrees.
Blade number	It can contribute to the amount of air movement as well.
	The typical ceiling fan comes standard with 4 or 5 blades.
	Fans with more blades are usually quieter but also move less air.

 

Ceiling Fan Size Guide
Room Size	Room Type	Blade Span	CFM Rating
Up to 100 Sq. Ft	Bathroom, Breakfast Nooks, Utility Rooms, Small Bedrooms, Porches	29” To 36″           (700 to 900mm)
100 To 144 Sq. Ft	Bathroom, Breakfast Nooks, Utility Rooms, Small Bedrooms, Porches	36” To 42″        (700 to 1000mm)	1,000 To 3,000
100 To 225 Sq. Ft	Medium Bedrooms, Kitchens, Dining Rooms, Dens, Patios	44” To 50″         (1200 to 1270mm)	1,600 To 4,500
225 To 400 Sq. Ft	Master Bedrooms, Family Rooms, TV Rooms, Small Garages, Gazebos	Over 50” (1270mm)	2,300 To 6,500
Over 400 Sq. Ft	Great Rooms, Large Garages, Basements, and Open Floor Plans	Over 62” (1600mm)	5,500 To 13,500

 

Ceiling Fan Size
Room Size	Fan Blade Sweep
< 90 Sq.Foot	15″ to 42″ (400 to 1000mm)
90 to 100 Sq.Foot	44″ to 46″ (1000 to 1200mm)
100 to 150 Sq.Foot	52″ to 54″ (1300 to 1400mm)
> 150 Sq.Foot	56″ to 70″ (1400 to 1800mm)

 

Ceiling Fan Speed and RPM
Speed	Watt	RPM	Air Flow (M3/Hr)	Efficiency (M3/Hr/Watt)
Low	62.3	171	8736	140
Medium	34.9	130	6774	197
High	15.2	86	4066	267

 

Various distance of Ceiling Fan in Room
Ceiling Fan Blades and Floor	7 ft
Ceiling Fan Blades and Ceiling	8 to 10 inches
Ceiling Fan Blades and Light fixtures.	39 inches
Ceiling Fan Blades and Wall	18 inches

 

Minimum Efficacy Levels of Ceiling Fans (ENERGY STAR )
Speed	Air Flow	Efficiency (CFM/Watt)
At low speed	1250 CFM	155 cfm/W
At medium speed	3000 CFM	100 cfm/W
At high speed	5000 CFM	75 cfm/W

 

Size of Rod / Cord for Hanging Light (As per NBC)
Nominal Cross-Sectional Area of Twin Cord mm for Hanging Light	Maximum Permissible Weight mm2  kg
0.5	2
0.75	3
1	5
1.5	5.3
2.5	8.8
4	14

 

Standard Exhaust Fan Size
Fan DIA (MM / inches)	Speed (RPM)	Input Power	Phase	Current (A)	M3/HR   (CFH)	M3/MI   (CFM)	Sound level dB
150/6″	1200	24	Single	0.1	270	5	44 To 50
200/8″	1350	28	Single	0.12	500	8	44 To 50
250/10″	1350	36	Single	0.15	800	13	44 To 50
305/12″	1400	50	Single	0.4	1710	29	50 To 55
305/12″	900	50	Single	0.21	1145	19	35 To 40
380/15″	1400	160	Single	0.75	3250	54	60 To 65
380/15″	1400	150	Three	0.45	3250	54	60 To 65
380/15″	900	90	Single	0.4	2000	33	50 To 55
380/15″	900	100	Three	0.29	2000	33	50 To 55
457/18″	1400	410	Single	1.7	6120	102	65 To 70
457/18″	1400	410	Three	0.65	6120	102	65 To 70
457/18″	900	150	Single	0.65	3900	65	55 To 60
457/18″	900	150	Three	0.3	3900	65	55 To 60
610/24″	700	240	Single	0.4	7100	118	55 To 60
610/24″	900	500	Three	0.5	7100	118	55 To 60
610/24″	900	500	Single	2.6	9400	157	60 To 65
610/24″	900	500	Three	0.85	9400	157	60 To 65
750/30″	900	870	Single	3.8	12000	200	70 To 75
750/30″	900	910	Three	1.8	12000	200	70 To 75
900/36″	700	1200	Three	2.4	28100	468	75 To 80

 

 

Electrical Thumb Rules-Illumination-(Part-20)

 

Watts & Light Brightness
Incandescent Watts	CFL Watts	LED Watts	Lumens (Brightness)
40	8 to 12	6 to 9	400 to 500
60	13 to 18	8 to 12.5	650 to 900
75 to 100	18 to 22	13 to 15	1100 to 1750
100	23 to 30	16 to 20	1800 to 2779
150	30 to 55	25 to 28	2780

 

Minimum Lumens
Incandescent (Watt)	CFL , Halozan , LED (Minimum Lumen)
25 Watt	200
40 Watt	450
60 Watt	800
75 Watt	1100
100 Watt	1600
150 Watt	2700

 

Wattage Comparison Chart
Incandescent / Halogens	Mercury Vapor	Metal    Halide	High Pressure Sodium	Compact Fluorescent (CFLs)	Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
40 to 60	15 to 25	5 to 15	5 to 15	12 to 15	5 to 8
60 to 75	25 to 35	15 to 25	15 to 25	15 to 18	7 to 10
75 to 100	35 to 45	20 to 35	20 to 35	18 to 23	10 to 15
100 to 150	50 to 60	25 to 40	25 to 40	23 to 35	15 to 20
150 to 200	70 to 85	35 to 45	35 to 45	30 to 45	20 to 25
200 to 250	90 to 110	40 to 55	40 to 55	45 to 60	25 to 30

 

Luminous efficacy
Light type	Typical luminous efficacy (lumens/watt)
Tungsten incandescent light bulb	12.5 to17.5 lm/W
Halogen lamp	16 to 24 lm/W
Fluorescent lamp	45 to 75 lm/W
LED lamp	30 to 90 lm/W
Metal halide lamp	75 to 100 lm/W
High pressure sodium vapor lamp	85 to 150 lm/W
Low pressure sodium vapor lamp	100 to 200 lm/W
Mercury vapor lamp	35 to 65 lm/W

 

Selection parameter of LED Bulbs
Parameter	Average	Good	Best
Lumens/Watt	75	90	100
Power Factor	0.7	0.8	0.9
CRI	60	70	80
LED Life in Hours	15000	25000	50000

 

Available CRI of Various Lighting Sources
Source	CRI
Incandescent / Halogens	>95
T8 Linear Fluorescent	75 to 85
Cool White Linear Fluorescent	62
Compact  Fluorescent	82
Metal   Halide	65
High Pressure Sodium (HPS)	22
LED	80 to 98

 

Color Accuracy – CRI Chart
CRI	Rating
>90	Great
80 to 90	Very Good
70 to 80	Good
60 to 70	Good
40 to 60	Poor

 

Color Temperature & CRI Chart
Kelvin	Light Effect	CCT	CRI
< 3600K	Incandescent Fluorescent (IF)	2750	89
< 3600K	Deluxe warm white (WWX)	2900	82
< 3600K	Warm white (WW)	3000	52
3200K to 4000K	White	3450	57
3200K to 4000K	Natural white (N)	3600	86
Above 4000 K	Light white (LW)	4150	48
Above 4000 K	Cool white (CW)	4200	62
Above 4000 K	Daylight (D)	6300	76
Above 4000 K	Deluxe Daylight (DX)	6500	88
Above 4000 K	Sky white	8000	88

 

Color Temperature & CRI
Lighting source	Color Temperature	Color Rendering Index
High Pressure Sodium Lamp	2100K	25
Incandescent Lamp	2700K	100
Tungsten Halogen Lamp	3200K	95
Tungsten Halogen Lamp	3200K	62
Clear Metal Halide Lamp	5500K	60
Natural Sun Light	5000K to 6000K	100
Day Light Bulb	6400K	80

 

Lighting Source CCT
Source	Color temperature in Kelvin
Skylight (blue sky)	12,000 – 20,000
Average summer shade	8000
Light summer shade	7100
Typical summer light (sun + sky)	6500
Daylight fluorescent	6300
Xenon short-arc	6400
Overcast sky	6000
Clear mercury lamp	5900
Sunlight (noon, summer, mid-latitudes)	5400
Design white fluorescent	5200
Special fluorescents used for color evaluation	5000
Daylight photoflood	4800 – 5000
Sunlight (early morning and late afternoon)	4300
Bright White Deluxe Mercury lamp	4000
Sunlight (1 hour after dawn)	3500
Cool white fluorescent	3400
Photoflood	3400
Professional tungsten photographic lights	3200
100-watt tungsten halogen	3000
Deluxe Warm White fluorescent	2950
100-watt incandescent	2870
40-watt incandescent	2500
High-pressure sodium light	2100
Sunlight (sunrise or sunset)	2000
Candle flame	1850 – 1900
Match flame	1700
Skylight (blue sky)	12,000 – 20,000
Average summer shade	8000
Light summer shade	7100
Typical summer light (sun + sky)	6500
Daylight fluorescent	6300
Xenon short-arc	6400
Overcast sky	6000
Clear mercury lamp	5900
Sunlight (noon, summer, mid-latitudes)	5400
Design white fluorescent	5200
Special fluorescents used for color evaluation	5000
Daylight photoflood	4800 – 5000
Sunlight (early morning and late afternoon)	4300
Bright White Deluxe Mercury lamp	4000
Sunlight (1 hour after dawn)	3500
Cool white fluorescent	3400
Photoflood	3400
Professional tungsten photographic lights	3200
100-watt tungsten halogen	3000
Deluxe Warm White fluorescent	2950
100-watt incandescent	2870
40-watt incandescent	2500
High-pressure sodium light	2100
Sunlight (sunrise or sunset)	2000
Candle flame	1850 – 1900
Match flame	1700

 

CCT – Correlated Color Temperature
Kelvin	Associated Effects	Type of Bulbs	Appropriate Applications
2700°	Warm White, Very Warm White	Incandescent bulbs	Homes, Libraries, Restaurants
3000°	Warm White	mostly halogen lamps, Slightly  whiter  than ordinary incandescent lamps	Homes, Hotel rooms and Lobbies, Restaurants, retail Stores
3500°	White	Fluorescent or CFL	Executive offices, public reception areas, supermarkets
4100°	Cool White		Office, classrooms, mass merchandisers, showrooms
5000°	Daylight	Fluorescent or CFL	Graphic industry, hospitals
6500°	Cool Daylight	Extremely  white‘	Jewelry stores, beauty salons, galleries, museums, printing

 

Average Life Cycle
Source	Average Life
Incandescent / Halogens	1,000 to 4,000 hours
CFL	6,000 hours
LED	15,000 to 50,000 hrs

 

Lamp Properties
Option	Life (hrs)	Efficacy (lpw)	CRI	Color of light
LED	35,000-50,000	30-300	≥70	White
High Pressure Sodium	20,000-24,000	50-110	≤40	Orange
Metal Halide	6,000-15,000	72-76	75-90	White
Mercury Vapor	16,000-24,000	30-50	40-60	Blue-White
Fluorescent	10,000-24,000	40-140	20-80	White

 

Illuminance Levels for Signage Lighting
Light Intensity	Foot candles	Lux
Low	10 to 20	100 to 200
Medium	20 to 40	200 to 400
High	40 to 80	400 to 800

 

Types of Lamp Technologies
Type of Lamp	Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)	Color Rendering Properties	Lamp life in Hrs.	Lamp life in Hrs.
High Pressure Mercury Vapor (MV)	35-36 lm/W	Fair	10000-15000	High energy use, poor lamp life
Metal Halide (MH)	70-130 lm/W	Excellent	8000-12000	High luminous efficacy, poor lamp life
High Pressure Sodium Vapor (HPSV)	50-150 lm/W	Fair	15000-24000	Energy-Efficient, poor color rendering
Low Pressure Sodium Vapor (LPSV)	100-190 lm/W	Very Poor	18000-24000	Energy-Efficient, very poor color rendering
Low Pressure Mercury Fluorescent Tubular Lamp (T12 & T8)	30-90 lm/W	Good	5000-10000	Poor lamp life, medium energy use, only available in low wattages
EE Fluorescent Tubular Lamp (T5)	100-120 lm/W	Very Good	15000-20000	long lamp life, only available in low wattages
Light Emitting Diode (LED)	70-160 lm/W	Good	40000-90000	High energy savings, low O&M, long life, no mercury, high

 

Comparison of Lamp Technology
Technology	Mercury Vapor	High Pressure Sodium Vapor	Induction	New Ceramic	Induction New Ceramic LED
Description	Older Very Common white light  HID light source	Most common HID light source used in street lighting	White light electrode less light source with long operating life	White light HID technology	White-light, solid-state light source
Pros	Low initial cost	Low initial cost	maintenance-free	White light	Small size
	Longer lamp life	Longer lamp life	High efficacy	Longer lamp life	Very long time life
	White light	High lamp efficacy (70-150) lumens/watt)	Excellent color rendering index	High lamp efficacy (115) lumens/watt)	Switching has no effect on life
	Sudden failure are uncommon		Instant start and restrike operations	High fixture efficiency	Contains no mercury
			No flickering, strobing or  noise		low ambient  temperature operations
			Low temperature operations		High lumens efficacy
					No flickering, strobing or  noise
					Instant start and restrike operations
Cons	Poor lamp efficacy (34-58) lumens/watt)	Low CRI	High initial cost	High price	High price
	Low fixture efficiency	Contains mercury	Low lamp efficacy (36-64 ) lumens/watt)	Lower luminaire efficacy	Low luminous flux
	Contains mercury		Contains mercury	Higher electricity consumption	CRI can be low
				Contains mercury	Risk of glare

 

Restrick Rate of Bulbs
HID lamp type	Time to reach 80% light output	Time to Restrike
Mercury	5-7 min	3-6 min
Metal halide	2-4 min	10-15 min
High-pressure sodium	3-4 min	1 min

 

Mounting Height of Light according to Types of Bulbs
HID lamp type	Watt	Mounting Height
Mercury	100 Watt	8 Meter
	175 Watt	10 Meter
	250 Watt	15 Meter
	400 Watt	23 Meter
	1000 Watt	30 Meter
Metal halide	70 Watt	7 Meter
	100 Watt	10 Meter
	175 Watt	16 Meter
	250 Watt	20 Meter
	400 Watt	25 Meter
	1000 Watt	35 Meter
High-pressure sodium	35 Watt	6 Meter
	50 Watt	7 Meter
	70 Watt	8 Meter
	100 Watt	12 Meter
	175 Watt	18 Meter
	250 Watt	25 Meter
	400 Watt	30 Meter
	1000 Watt	38 Meter

 

Various Lamp Comparison
As per CPWD
Lamp type	Range	Luminous LUX	Efficacy (lm/W)	Average  Life (hr)	Color Rendering (Ra)
CFL	18W-36W	1200-2900	60-80	15000	75-85
Fluorescent-T5	28W-54W	2900-4850	90-104	24000	80-90
Fluorescent-T8	18W-36W	750-3250	50-90	20000	80-85
Fluorescent-T12	20W-40W	950-2450	48-61	12000	50-75
Halogen	50W	1200	24	2000	75-90
Metal halide	70W-250W	5300-25000	76-100	12000	70-90
High pressure sodium vapor	70W-1000W	5600-130000	80-130	20000	20-65
Low pressure sodium vapor	55W-135W	8100-32000	100-230	20000	20-65
Induction lamp	70W-150W	6500-12000	80-95	100000	65-90
LED	3W-120W	750-14000	80-100	80000	65-90

 

Lamp Comparison As per CPWD
Lamp type	LED (Warm White)	LED (Cool  White)	T5 Lamp	CFL Lamp	HPSV  Lamp	Metal Lamp Halide
CRI	80-85	75	85	85	22	60-90
Efficiency in lm/w	80	132	90	70	95-110	65-70
Usable lm/w	55-65	>100	75-85	50-60	55-65	35-40
Life (Hrs.)	50k+	50k+	30k	8-10k	24k	10k-20K

 

Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-2)

Size of the Mains for Fire Fighting as per Type of Building ( IS 3844 )
Mains of Fire Fighting	Type of Building	Building Height
100 mm single outlet landing valves	I) Residential buildings (A)
	a) Lodging housing	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	b) Dormitory	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	c) Family private dwellings	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	d) Apartment houses	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	e) With shopping area not exceeding 250 m2	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	f) Hotel buildings up to 3 star grade	15 Meter to 24 Meter and area not exceeding 600 m2 per floor
100 mm single outlet landing valves	II) Educational buildings (B)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
101 mm single outlet landing valves	III) Institutional buildings (C)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	a) For hospitals and sanatorium with beds not exceeding 100no’s	Above 15 m but not exceeding 25 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	b) For custodial places and mental institutions	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	IV) Assembly buildings (D)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m and total floor area not exceeding 500 m2/floor
100 mm single outlet landing valves	V) Business buildings (E)	Above I5 m but not exceeding 24m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	VI) Mercantile buildings (F)	Above 15m but not exceeding 24 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	VII) Industrial buildings (G)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	VIII) All buildings classified  under(I) To (IV)	Above 45 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	IX) All buildings classified  under( v) above with shopping area not exceeding 250 m2	Above 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	X) All buildings classified under (vi) above	Above 24 m and area exceeding 600 m2
150mm with twin outlet landing	XI) Hotel buildings of  4 star and 5 star grade	Above 15 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XII) All buildings classified under II and III above	Above 25 m/35 m as applicable
150mm with twin outlet landing	XIII) All buildings classified under IV above	Above 25 m and area exceeding 500m2/floor
150mm with twin outlet landing	XIV) All buildings classified under V above	Above 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XV) All buildings classified under VI above	Above 24 m but not exceeding 35 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XVI) All buildings classified under VII above	Above 24 m but not exceeding 35 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XVII) All storage buildings (H)	Above 10 m but not exceeding 24 m

 

As per (IS 3844)
Type of Riser	Internal hydrants form part of any of the following systems
	a) Dry-riser system,
	b) Wet-riser system,
	c) Wet-riser-cum-down-comer system
	d) Down-comer system.
Dry-Riser System ( for Cold Region )	Dry-riser main system can be installed in buildings under Group A (iI, ii, ii, iv ), where the height of building is above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m up to terrace level and where the water supply for firefighting is immediately available either through the underground water storage tank/tanks or through water mains/town’s main
	Dry-riser system does not include hose reel, hose cabinets, fire hose and branch pipes.
Wet-Riser System	Wet-riser system should be provided in the types of buildings according to the provision mentioned. The system should consist of a pipe or  number of pipes depending on the area and height of the buildings permanently charged with water under pressure with landing valves, hose reel, hose, branch pipe, etc, at every floor level
	A provision of pressure differential switch to start the pump automatically, so that water under pressure is advisable for operational hydrant, hose reels, etc, as soon as the water is drawn from hydrant landing valves causing drop in pressure. The system also incorporates a stand-by pump to come into operation automatically when the normal power supply source fails.
	The distribution of wet-riser installation in the building should be so situated as not to be farther than 30 m from any point in the area covered by the hydrant and at a height of 0.75 m to 1 m from the floor. The rising mains should not be more than 50 m apart in horizontal.
	Fire service inlet with gate and non-return valve to charge the riser in the event of failure of the static pump directly from the mobile pump of the tie services should: be provided on the wet-riser system. The, fire service inlet for 100 mm internal diameter rising main should have collecting head with 2 numbers of 63 mm inlets and for 150 mm rising main, collecting head with 4 numbers of 63 mm inlets should be provided.
	For wet-risers down-comer system, two pumps of different capacities one for the wet-riser and the other for down-comer system should be installed. The pumps should be fed from normal source of power supply and also by an alternative source in case of failure of normal source.
	For a wet-riser system, two automatic pumps should be installed to independently feed the wet riser main, one of which should act as stand-by, each pump being supplied by a different source of power. The pump shall be arranged so that when acting as duty-pump, operate automatically when one or more hydrant is opened thus causing a drop in pressure. The stand-by pump should be arranged to operate automatically in case of failure of the duty pump. The system should have an interlocking arrangement so that only one of the pumps operate at a time.
Wet-Riser-cum-Down-Comer	A wet-riser-cum-down-comer system should be provided in the type of buildings indicated in Table 1 of IS 3844 according to the provision mentioned.
	Priming of the main pump and terrace pump in case of wet-riser-cum-down, or both the pumps in case of wet-riser installation, should be automatic. This can be achieved either by having flooded suction, or by a priming tank with foot valve arrangement. However, a flooded suction is preferable.
Down-Comer System	Single headed landing valve, connected to a 100 mm diameter pipe taken from the terrace pump delivery should be provided at each floor/landing, A hose reel conforming to IS 884 : 1985 and directly tapped from the down-comer pipe should also be provided on each floor/landing.

 

As per ( IS 3844 )
Riser	The position of risers should be located within lobby approach staircase or within, the staircase enclosure when there is no lobby. However, the risers or the landing valves connected
Landing Valve	Landing valves should be installed on each floor level and on the roof, if accessible, in such a way that control line of landing valve is 1 to 1.2 m above the floor level.
Fire Hoses	In buildings with basements, the internal hydrants as well as the hose reel installations should be extended to cover the basement area also, over and above sprinkler system, as necessary. .
	Fire hoses should be of sufficient length to, carry water from the nearest source of water supply to the most distant point in the area covered by a hydrant, by the normal route of travel. For each internal hydrant ( single headed ), there should be a total length of not less than.30 m of 63 mm conforming to Type A of IS 636 : 1988 or provided in two lengths of not more than 15 m each wire wound with coupling together with branch pipe conforming to IS 2871 : 1983
	Such spare hoses also should be in length of not more than 15 m complete with coupling. Hoses and accessories should be kept in hose cabinet painted fire red and constructed preferably of wood with glass front
Hose Box	Unless impracticable by structural considerations, the landing valves should always be housed in hose boxes. Such hose boxes should be made of MS plates of 2 mm minimum thickness with glass front. The size of the box should be adequate to accommodate single/double headed landing valves with 2 or 4 lengths of fire hose each of 15 m length, and one or two branch pipes. The hose reel may or may not be accommodated inside the hose box.
	Building fitted with wet-riser/wet-riser-down-comer mains should, have access roads to within 6 m from the boundary line of the building and the nearest wet-riser stack should not be more than 15 m from the boundary line of the building.
Hose Reels	In addition to wet-riser systems, first aid hose reels should be installed on all floors of buildings above 15 m in height. The hose reel should be directly taken from the wet-riser pipe by means of a 37 mm socket and pipe to which the hose reel is to be attached.
	The hose reel should be sited at each floor level, staircase, lobby or mid-landing adjacent to, exits in corridors in such a way that the nozzle of the hose can be taken into every room and within 6 m of any part of a room keeping in view the layout and obstructions. Tbe doors provided for the hose reel recesses should he capable of opening to approximately 180”. when installation is in open areas, the position should be above head height and the nozzle retainer and tbe inlet valve should be at about 900 mm above floor level.
Air Valve	To allow any trapped air in the rising main to escape when water is pressurized into system,air release valve should be incorporated above the highest outlet of each main.
External Hydrant	For external hydrants, piping (water main ) should be laid preferably underground, to avoid it getting damaged by moving vehicles, etc. To avoid rusting, underground pipes should be either of cast iron conforming to IS 1536 in which case it should be properly treated with a coat of primary paint with two coats of bitumen paint. The pipes should be properly supported of pedestals – not more than 3 m apart. Underground pipes should be laid 1 m below to avoid damage during road repair, etc, and at road crossings where heavy vehicles are expected to pass, it should pass
Jockey Pump	For bigger buildings or major installations, where chance of such leakage is very considerable, it is desirable to install a small pump ( using a small motor and 200/300 liter/min pump ) with pressure switches for automatic start and stop.
Using Wet-Riser System Pump for Partial Sprinkler System	In main high rise buildings, the basement is used for car parking/housing transformers/or storages and other floors may be used as shopping areas departmental stores, etc, the total area used for such purpose being small, in such cases, the same wet-riser pump may be used for feeding the sprinkler system provided that:
	a)the total area of the basement to be protected is less than 500 m2. b) the total area utilized as shops departmental stores is less than 1000 m2. c)the pump has a capacity of at least 2850 l/min with suitable motor.

 

AS per IS 15301
Foundation of Pump	Pumps are to be mounted on a concrete foundation having minimum M grade of reinforced concrete as M15..
	The thickness of the foundation shall be 50 mm minimum for small pumps up to 900 Liter/min capacity, 75 mm for pumps up to 2280 liter/min capacity and 100 liter/min for bigger pumps up to 4 500 liter/min. For extra ordinary big pumps, the thickness may go up to 150 mm. The size of the foundation shall cover the full length and width of the pump and at least 150 mm on the front and back of the pump and 75 mm on the sides as clearance.
Pump Room Location	Normally, pump rooms shall be located 6 m away from all surrounding buildings and overhead structures
	Where this is not feasible, they may be attached to a building provided a perfect separation wall having 4 hour fire rating is constructed between the pump room and the attached building, the roof of the pump room is of RCC construction atleast 100 mm thick and access to the pump room is from the outside. The pump rooms shall normally have brick/concrete walls and noncombustible roof with adequate lighting, ventilation and drainage arrangements.
	Transformer cubicles inside the sub-stations shall be separated from H.T. and L.T. cubicles and from each other by walls of brick/stone/concrete blocks or 355 mm thickness or of RCC of 200 mm thickness with door openings, if any, therein being protected by single fireproof doors having 2-hour fire resistance
	Transformers installed outdoors, which are supplying power to fire pump shall also be located at least 6 m away from all surrounding buildings including sub-station or D.G. House, Where this is not feasible, all door and window openings of the building within 6 m of the transformers] shall be protected by single fireproof doors and 6 mm thick wired glasses in steel framework respectively.

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group A – Residential Buildings – Above 15 m in height  (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	A3- Dormitories, A4- Apartments Houses				A5- Hotels
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 35 Mts	35 Mts To  45 Mts	45 Mts To 60 Mts	Above 60 Mts	15 Mts To  30 Mts	Above 30 Mts and A6 Hotels (Starred)
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	25,000 liters capacity	5,000 liters (5,000 liters if basement)	10,000 liters capacity	25,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not Required	75,000 liters capacity	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	2,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	900 LPM at Terrace level Tank	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	Not Required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 1620 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Not Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 Sq.mts	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 Sq.mts	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirements of Fire Safety for Group B – Educational Buildings of above 15 mts in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	B-1 Schools up to Senior Secondary Level
	B-2 All others/training Institutions  (Ground + One Storey)
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor. Depending up on the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	25000 Liters Capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not required
Terrace Fire Pump	900 LPM
Fire Pump near Under Ground Water Tank	Not required
Hose Reel Assembly	Required
Down Comes System	Required
Wet Riser System	Not required
Yard Hydrant	Not required
Fire Service Inlet	Required
Manually  Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required
Automatic Detection and Alarm System	Not required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 sq.mts

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group C – Institutional Buildings – Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	C1- Hospitals,  Sanatoria and Nursing Home		C2 – Custodial Institutions
			C3 – Penal and Mental Institutions
Fire Safety (Active Measures)	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding
	24  Mts	30 Mts	24 Mts	30 Mts
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	1.00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group D – Assembly Buildings Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	D1 – Theater over  1000 persons, D2 up to 1000 persons  D3 – Permanent Stage over 300 persons		D6 – Not exceeding 30 mtrs	D7 – Elevated or underground for assembly not  covered D1-D6
	D4 – up to 300 persons, D5 all others
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity
			D1-D5, 2,00,000 liters for D6 Multiplex
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group E – Business Buildings  Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	E1  offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers and police stations, E2 – Laboratories research establishments, libraries and test houses.  E3 – Computer installations, E4 – Telephone Exchanges,  E5
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts	Above 30 mt
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	2,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group F Mercantile Building  Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	F1  – Shops, Stores up to 500 Sq.m,		F3 – Underground shopping centre and  Storage
	F2 – Shops, Stores more than 500 Sq. mtrs.
Fire Safety (Active Measures)	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required
Manually Fire Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group G Industrial Buildings  Above 15 m in height not to be permitted 18 Mts in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection	G1  – Low Hazard Industries			G2 – Moderate Hazard Industries
	BUILT UP AREA
Fire Safety	Up to 100 Sq.mt	More than  100 Sq.mt. & up to 500 Sq.mt	More than 500 Sq.mtrs	Up to 100Sq.mtrs	More than  100Sq.mtrs and up to 500 Sq.mtrs	More than  500Sq.mtrs and up to 1000 Sq.mtrs	Up to 1000 Sq.mt
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	5000 liters in case of basement area exceeds 200m2	5000 liters add 5000 liters if the provision of sprinkler in basement	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 Liters capacity	10,000 Liters capacity	20,000 Liters capacity	20,000 Liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not required	Not required	1,00,000 liters	Not required	Not required	75,000 Liters capacity	1,00,000 Liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	450 LPM	450 LPM	450 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	Not required	Not required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	Not required	Not required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Not required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not required	Required	Required	Not required	Not required	Required	Required
Wet Riser System	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Not required	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required (if there is basement)	Required (if there is basement)	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required

Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-1)

 

Class of Fire
CLASS	Type of Fire	Type of Fire Extinguisher
Class A	Fires involving Paper, Wood, Textile, Packing materials and the like.	Water, foam, ABC dry power and halocarbons.
Class B	Fires involving Oil, Petrol, Solvent, Grease, Paints, Celluloid and the like.	Foam, dry powder, clean agent and carbon dioxide extinguishers
Class C	Fires involving Electrical Hazards, Motor Vehicle Gaseous substance under pressure.	Dry powder, clean agent and carbon dioxide extinguishers
Class D	Fires involving Chemicals, Metal and active like Magnesium ,titanium	Extinguishers with special dry powder for metal tires

 

Area covered by Fire Extinguisher (NBC)
Type of Fire Extinguishers	Coverage (Floor) Area
Water/ Sand Bucket	100 sq.mt.
Sprinklers	6 sq.mt.
Extinguishers (9 Liter)	600 sq.mt.
Heat Detectors	16 sq.mt.
Hydrant Riser (Outlet 100 mm dia with landing valve and First aid hose reel)	930 sq.mt
Smoke Detectors	50 sq.mt.

 

Water Requirement for the Fire Fighting (AS per NBC)

Q = 3000 P

Q = Fire demand in Liters/Minutes

P = Population in Thousands

Note:  The above rate must be maintained at a minimum pressure of 1 to 1.5 kg / cm2 for at least four hours.

 

Water Requirement for Wet Riser/Down Corner System (As per NBC -TABLE 4)
Residential Buildings	U.G. Water Storage Tank Static	Terrace Tank
15 m to 30 m	50,000 lts	10,000 lts
30 m to 45 m	1,00,000 lts	20,000 lts
Above 45 m	2,00,000 lts	40,000 lts

 

Water Requirement for Wet Riser/Down Corner System (As per NBC -TABLE 5)
Business Building	U.G. Water Storage Tank Static	Terrace Tank
15 m to 30 m	100000 lts (50000 lts if covered area in G.F is less than 300sq.m.)	20,000 lts
30 m to 45 m	20000 lts	20,000 lts
Above 45 m	250000 lts	50,000 lts

 

Classification of fire Pumps (As per IS 15301)
Pump Size	Location of Pump Installation
450 Liter/Min	Pumps to be installed on the terrace to feed the Down Comer System.
900 Liter/Min	Pumps to be installed on the terrace to feed the Down Comer System.
2280 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
2850 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
4500 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
For special risks 6700 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.

 

Suction and Delivery Pipe Sizes (IS 3844)
Pump Size	Pump Location	Suction	Delivery
450 Liter/min	Terrace	50 mm	50 mm
900 Liter/min	Terrace	75 mm	50 mm
1400 Liter/min	Terrace	100 mm	100 mm
2280 Liter/min	Fire Pump	150 mm	150 mm
2850 Liter/min	Fire Pump	200 mm	150 mm
4500 Liter/min	Fire Pump	250 mm	200 mm
6700 Liter/min	Fire Pump	250 mm	200 mm

 

Different Types of Fire Extinguishers for Different Classes of Fires ( IS 2190 )
Type of Extinguisher	IS	Type of Fires
		Class A	Class B	Class C	Class D
water type (gas cartridge)	IS 940 , IS 13385	S	NS	NS	NS
water type (stored pressure)	IS 6234	S	NS	NS	NS
mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 10204, IS 13386	S	S	NS	NS
mechanical foam type (stored pressure)	IS 14951,IS 15397	S	S	NS	NS
dry powder type (stored pressure)	IS 13849	S	S	S	NS
dry powder type (gas cartridge)	IS 2171 , IS 10658	S	S	S	NS
dry powder type for metal fires	IS 11833	NS	NS	NS	S
carbon dioxide type	IS 2878, IS 8149	NS	S	S	NS
clean agent gas type	IS 15683	S	S	S	NS
halon 1211 type	IS 4862 , IS 11108	S	S	S	NS

 

PRESSURE TESTING OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS  ( IS 2190 )
Type of Extinguisher	IS	Test Interval (Year)	Test Pressure (kg/cm2)	Pressure Maintained for Min. (kg/cm2)
Water type (gas cartridge)	IS 940	3	35	2.5
Water type (stored pressure)	IS 6234	3	35	2.5
Water type (gas cartridge)	IS 13385	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 10204	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (stored pressure)	IS 15397	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 13386	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge) 135 liter	IS 14951	3	35	2.5
Dry powder ( stored pressure)	IS l3849	3	35	2.5
Carbon dioxide	IS 2878	5	250	2.5
Clean agent	IS 15683	3	35	2.5
Dry powder (gas cartridge)	IS2171, IS10658	3	35	2.5

 

LIFE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ( IS 2190)
Type of Extinguisher	Life Time, Year
Water type	10
Foam type	10
Powder type	10
Carbon dioxide	15
Clean agent	10

 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS  ( IS 2190 )
Occupancy	Type of Occupancy	Nature of Occupancy	Class of Fire	Typical Examples
Group A	Residential buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Lodging or rooming, one or two family houses, private dwellings, dormitories, apartment houses, flats, up to 4 star hotels, etc
		Low Hazard	CLASS C	Small kitchens having LPG connection, electrical heaters, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Multi-storied buildings, multi-risk buildings, five star hotels, etc
Group B	Educational buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Tutorials, vocational training institutes, evening colleges, commercial institutes
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Schools, colleges, etc
Group C	Institutional buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Hospitals, sanatoria, homes for aged, orphanage jails, etc
Group D	Assembly buildings-D-1	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, having seating capacity of over 1 00 persons
	Assembly buildings-D-2	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibitions halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, having seating capacity less than 1 000 persons
	Assembly buildings-D-3	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, but having accommodation for more than 300 persons, but less than 1 000 persons, with no permanent seating arrangement
	Assembly buildings-D-4 / D5	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, but having accommodation less than 300 and those not covered under D-l to D-3
Group E	Business buildings-E-1	Special Hazard	CLASS A	Offices, banks, record rooms, archives, libraries, data processing centers, etc
	Business buildings-E-2	Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Laboratories, research establishment, test houses, etc
	Business buildings-E-3	Special Hazard	CLASS A	Computer installations
Group F	Mercantile buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Shops, stores, markets, departmental stores, underground shopping centers, etc
Group G	Industrial buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Small industrial units
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Corrugated carton manufacturing units, paper cane units, packing case manufacturing units, cotton waste manufacturing units
		HH	CLASS A	Large number yards, saw mills, godowns and warehouses storing combustible materials, cold storages, freight depots, etc
		Low Hazard	CLASS B	Demonstration chemical plants, small chemical processing plants, pilot plants, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Workshops, painting shops, large kitchens, industrial canteens, generator rooms, heat treatment shops, tread rubber manufacturing units, petrol bunks, tubes and Haps units, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS B	Petroleum processing units, chemical plants, industrial alcohol plants, effluent treatment plants, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS C	Fertilizer plants, petrochemical plants, LPG bottling plants, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS D	All processes involving use of combustible highly flammable materials, reactive metals and alloys, including their storage
Group H	Storage buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Flammable liquid stores, storage in drums and cans in open, paints and varnishes go down
		High Hazard	CLASS B	Tank farms, chemical and petroleum bulk storage depots, large service stations, truck and marine terminals, underground LDO/furnace oil storage yards, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS C	LPG distribution godown/office, distribution storage godowns/offices of D, N, H, Argon and other industrial gases
		High Hazard	CLASS C	Storage and handling of gas cylinders in bulk, gas plant, gas holders ( Horton), spheres, etc
Group J	Hazardous	–	–	Buildings used for storage, handling, manufacture and processing of highly combustible explosive materials. (Risks involved in terms of class of fire and intensity of fire has to be assessed on case to case basis and statutory authorities to be consulted, environmental factors and mutual aid facilities to be taken into account before deciding on the fire extinguisher requirements.)

 

RECOMMENDED  EQUIPMENT TO BE INSTALLED ( IS 2190 )
Class of Fire	Occupancy	No of Fire Systems
CLASS A	Low Hazard	One 9 liter water expelling extinguisher or ABC 5 kg/6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment or floor of the building.
	Medium Hazard	Two 9 liter water expelling extinguishers or ABC 5 kg / 6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 with minimum of 4 extinguishers per compartment floor.
	Medium Hazard	Provision as per MH occupancy; in addition to one 50 liter water CO2/25 kg ABC fire extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area
	Special Hazard	One 4.5 kg capacity carbon dioxide or one 2/3 kg capacity clean agent extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers
CLASS B	Low Hazard	One 9 liter foam extinguisher, mechanical or BC or ABC, 5 kg/6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment or floor.
	Medium Hazard	Two 9 liter foam extinguisher, mechanical type, or 5/6 kg dry powder extinguisher ( or one of each type) for every 200 m2 area with minimum of four extinguisher per compartment
	Medium Hazard	Provision as per MH, and in addition to one 50 liter mechanical foam type extinguisher or 25 kg BC fire extinguisher for every 100 m2 or part thereof one l35 liter foam mechanical extinguisher for every 300 m2 of floor area
CLASS C	Low Hazard	One 2/3 kg dry powder of clean agent extinguisher for every 20 m2 of floor area
	Medium Hazard	One 10 kg dry powder extinguisher (stored pressure) or 6.5 kg  carbon dioxide extinguisher or 5 kg clean agent for 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof, with minimum of one extinguishers of the same type for every compartment;
	High Hazard	Dry powder extinguisher (stored pressure) of 10 kg or 6.5 kg CO2 extinguisher, or 5 kg clean agent extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof, subject to a minimum of two extinguishers of same type per room or compartment.
CLASS D	High Hazard	One 10 kg dry powder extinguisher with special dry powder for metal fires for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment/room

 

Electrical Thumb Rule- High Rise Building (As per NBC)

 

Luminous Efficacy, Life, Lumen Maintenance and Color Rendition (Table-8) NBC
Light Source	Wattage	Efficacy (lm/W )	Average Life	Maintenance	Color Rendition
Incandescent lamps	15 to 200	12 to 20	500 to 1000	Fair to good	Very good
Tungsten halogen	300 to 1500	20 to 27	200 to 2000	Good to very good	Very good
Standard fluorescent lamps	20 to 80	55 to 65	5000	Fair to good	Good
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)	5 to 40	60 to 70	7500	Good	Good to very good
Slim line fluorescent	18 to 58	57 to 67	5000	Fair to good	Good
High pressure mercury vapor lamps	60 to 1000	50 to 65	5000	Very low to fair	Federate
Blended – light lamps	160 to 250	20 to 30	5000	Low to fair	Federate
High pressure sodium vapor lamps	50 to 1000	90 to 125	10000 to 15000	Fair to good	Low to good
Metal halide lamps	35 to 2000	80 to 95	4000 to 10000	Very low	Very good
Low pressure sodium	10 to 180	100 to 200	10000 to 20000	Good to very good	Poor
LED	0.5 to 2.0	60 to 100	10000	Very good	Good for white LED

 

Approximate Cable Current Capacity
Cable Size	Current Capacity	MCB Size
1.5 Sq.mm	7.5 To 16 A	8A
2.5 Sq.mm	16 To 22 A	15A
4 Sq.mm	22 To 30 A	20A
6 Sq.mm	39 To 39 A	30A
10 Sq.mm	39 To 54A	40A
16 Sq.mm	54 To 72A	60A
25 Sq.mm	72 To 93A	80A
50 Sq.mm	117 To 147A	125A
70 Sq.mm	147 To 180A	150A
95 Sq.mm	180 To 216A	200A
120 Sq.mm	216 To 250A	225A
150 Sq.mm	250 To 287A	275A
185 Sq.mm	287 To 334A	300A
240 Sq.mm	334 To 400A	350A

 

Requirements  for  Physical  Protection  of Underground Cables  (As per NBC)
Protective  Element	Specifications
Bricks	(a) 100 mm minimum  width
	(b) 25 mm thick
	(c) sand cushioning 100  mm  and  sand  cover 100 mm
Concrete slabs	At least 50 mm thick
Plastic  slabs (polymeric cover  strips) Fiber  reinforced plastic	depending on properties  and has to be matched with the protective cushioning and cover
PVC  conduit  or  PVC  pipe  or stoneware  pipe or Hume pipe	The  pipe  diameter should  be  such  so  that the  cable  is  able  to easily slip down the pipe
Galvanized pipe	The  pipe  diameter should  be  such  so  that the  cable  is  able  to easily slip down the pipe
The trench shall be back filled to cover the cable initially by 200 mm of sand fill; and then a plastic marker strip  hall be put over the full length of cable in the trench.
The marker signs shall be provided where any cable enters or leaves a building. This will identify that there is a cable located underground near the building.
The trench shall then be completely filled. If the cables rise above ground to enter a building or other structure, a mechanical protection such as a GI pipe or PVC pipe for the cable from the trench depth to a height of 2.0 m above ground shall be provided.

 

AREA REQUIRED FOR GENERATOR IN ELECTRIC SUBSTATION (As per NBC)
Capacity  kVA	Area m2	Clear Height below the Soffit of the Beam m
25	56	3.6
48	56	3.6
100	65	3.6
150	72	3.6
248	100	4.2
350	100	4.2
480	100	4.2
600	110	4.6
800	120	4.6
1010	120	6.5
1250	120	6.5
1600	150	6.5
2000	150	6.5

 

Low Voltage Cabeling for Building (As per NBC)
Low Voltage Cable	Cables/wires, such as fiber optic cable, co-axial cable, etc. These shall be laid at least at a distance of 300 mm from any power wire or cable. The distance may be reduced only by using completely closed earthed metal trucking with metal separations for various kind of cable. Special care shall be taken to ensure that the conduit runs and wiring are laid properly for low voltage signal to flow through it.
	The power cable and the signal or data cable may run together under floor and near the equipment. However, separation may be required from the insulation aspect, if the signal cable is running close to an un-insulated conductor carrying power at high voltage. All types of signal cables are required to have insulation level for withstanding 2 kV impulse voltages even if they are meant for service at low voltage.
Conduit Color Scheme	Power conduit=Black Security conduit=Blue Fire alarm conduit=Red Low voltage conduit=Brown UPS conduit Green

 

Sub Station Guideline (As per NBC)
Substation Location	Location of substation in the basement should be avoided, as far as possible.
	If there is only one basement in a building, the substation/switch room shall not be provided in the basement and the floor level of the substation shall not be lowest point of the basement.
	Substation shall not be located immediately above or below plumbing water tanks or sewage treatment plant (STP) water tanks at the same location
Substation Door/Shutter	All door openings from substation, electrical rooms, etc, should open outwards
	Vertical shutters (like rolling shutters) may also be acceptable provided they are combined with a single leaf door opening outwards for exit in case of emergency
	For large substation room/electrical  room  having  multiple equipment,  two  or more  doors  shall  be provided which shall be remotely located from each other
	No services or ventilation shafts shall open into substation or switch room unless specific to substation or switch room
Transformer Location	In case of HV panel and transformers located at different floors or at a distance more than 20 m, HV isolator shall be  provided  at transformer end
	In case transformer and main MV/LV panel room are located at different floors or are at a distance more than 20 m, MV/LV isolator shall be provided at  transformer  end
	In  case  of  two  transformers  (dry  type  or transformers with oil quantity less than 2 000 liter)  located  next  to  each  other without intermittent wall, the distance between the two shall  be minimum  1 500 mm  for  11  kV, minimum 2 000 mm for 22 kV and minimum 2 500 mm for 33 kV. Beyond 33 kV, two transformers shall be separated by baffle wall of 4 h fire rating.
	If dry type transformer is used, it may be located adjacent to medium voltage switchgear in the form of unit type substation. In such a case, no separate room or fire barrier for the transformer is required either between transformers or between transformer and the switchgear, thereby decreasing the room space requirement; however, minimum distances as specified.
Oil Filled Equipment (Transformer / C.B)	Substations with oil-filled equipment/apparatus transformers and high voltage panels shall be either located in open or in a utility building
	They shall not be located in any floor other than the ground floor or the first basement of a utility building  not be located below first basement slab of utility building.
	They shall have direct access from outside the building for operation and maintenance of the equipment.
	It shall be separated from the adjoining buildings including the main building by at least 6 m clear distance to allow passage of fire tender between the substation/utility building and adjoining building/main building.
	Substation equipment having more than 2 000 liter of oil whether located indoors in the utility building or outdoors shall have  baffle walls  of  4  h  fire  rating between apparatus.
	Provision of  suitable oil soak-pit, and where use of more than 9 000 liter of oil in any one oil tank, receptacle or chamber is involved, provision shall be made for the draining away or removal of any oil which may leak or escape from the tank, receptacle or chamber containing the same
Power Supply Voltage	supply  is  at  240  V  single  phase  up  to  5  kVA, 415/240 V 3-phase from 5 kVA to 100 kVA, 11 kV (or 22 kV) for loads up to 5 MVA and 33 kV or 66 kV for consumers of connected load or contract demand more than 5 MVA.
	In case of connected load of 100 kVA and above, the relative advantage of high voltage three-phase supply should be considered.
	In case of single point high voltage metering, energy meters shall  be  installed  in  building  premise,such a place which is readily accessible to the owner/operator of the building and the Authority. The supplier or owner of the installation shall provide at the point of commencement of supply a suitable isolating device fixed in a conspicuous position at not more than 1.7 m above the ground so as to completely isolate the supply to the building in case of emergency
Trench Drain	In case of cable trench in substation/HV switch room/MV switch room, the same shall be adequately drained to ensure no water is stagnated at any time with live cables.
Fence for Substation	Enclose any part of the substation which is open to the air, with a fence (earthed efficiently at both ends) or wall not less than 1800 mm (preferably not less than 2400 mm) in height
HV Distribution in Building	The power supply HV cables voltage shall not be more than 12 kV and a separate dedicated and  fire  compartmented  shaft  should  be provided for carrying such high voltage cables to upper floors in a building. These shall not be mixed with any other shaft and suitable fire detection and suppression measures shall be provided throughout the length of the cable on each floor.
Switch Room / MV switch room	Switch room / MV switch room shall be arrived at considering 1200 mm clearance requirement from top of the equipment to the below of the soffit of the beam .In case cable entry/exit is from above the  equipment  (transformer,  HV switchgear, MV  switchgear),  height  of substation room/HV switch room/MV switch room shall also take into account requirement of space for turning radius of cable above the equipment height.