Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-2)

Size of the Mains for Fire Fighting as per Type of Building ( IS 3844 )
Mains of Fire Fighting	Type of Building	Building Height
100 mm single outlet landing valves	I) Residential buildings (A)
	a) Lodging housing	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	b) Dormitory	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	c) Family private dwellings	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	d) Apartment houses	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	e) With shopping area not exceeding 250 m2	15 Meter to 45 Meter
	f) Hotel buildings up to 3 star grade	15 Meter to 24 Meter and area not exceeding 600 m2 per floor
100 mm single outlet landing valves	II) Educational buildings (B)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
101 mm single outlet landing valves	III) Institutional buildings (C)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	a) For hospitals and sanatorium with beds not exceeding 100no’s	Above 15 m but not exceeding 25 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	b) For custodial places and mental institutions	Above 15 m but not exceeding 35 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	IV) Assembly buildings (D)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m and total floor area not exceeding 500 m2/floor
100 mm single outlet landing valves	V) Business buildings (E)	Above I5 m but not exceeding 24m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	VI) Mercantile buildings (F)	Above 15m but not exceeding 24 m
100 mm single outlet landing valves	VII) Industrial buildings (G)	Above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	VIII) All buildings classified  under(I) To (IV)	Above 45 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	IX) All buildings classified  under( v) above with shopping area not exceeding 250 m2	Above 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	X) All buildings classified under (vi) above	Above 24 m and area exceeding 600 m2
150mm with twin outlet landing	XI) Hotel buildings of  4 star and 5 star grade	Above 15 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XII) All buildings classified under II and III above	Above 25 m/35 m as applicable
150mm with twin outlet landing	XIII) All buildings classified under IV above	Above 25 m and area exceeding 500m2/floor
150mm with twin outlet landing	XIV) All buildings classified under V above	Above 24 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XV) All buildings classified under VI above	Above 24 m but not exceeding 35 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XVI) All buildings classified under VII above	Above 24 m but not exceeding 35 m
150mm with twin outlet landing	XVII) All storage buildings (H)	Above 10 m but not exceeding 24 m

 

As per (IS 3844)
Type of Riser	Internal hydrants form part of any of the following systems
	a) Dry-riser system,
	b) Wet-riser system,
	c) Wet-riser-cum-down-comer system
	d) Down-comer system.
Dry-Riser System ( for Cold Region )	Dry-riser main system can be installed in buildings under Group A (iI, ii, ii, iv ), where the height of building is above 15 m but not exceeding 24 m up to terrace level and where the water supply for firefighting is immediately available either through the underground water storage tank/tanks or through water mains/town’s main
	Dry-riser system does not include hose reel, hose cabinets, fire hose and branch pipes.
Wet-Riser System	Wet-riser system should be provided in the types of buildings according to the provision mentioned. The system should consist of a pipe or  number of pipes depending on the area and height of the buildings permanently charged with water under pressure with landing valves, hose reel, hose, branch pipe, etc, at every floor level
	A provision of pressure differential switch to start the pump automatically, so that water under pressure is advisable for operational hydrant, hose reels, etc, as soon as the water is drawn from hydrant landing valves causing drop in pressure. The system also incorporates a stand-by pump to come into operation automatically when the normal power supply source fails.
	The distribution of wet-riser installation in the building should be so situated as not to be farther than 30 m from any point in the area covered by the hydrant and at a height of 0.75 m to 1 m from the floor. The rising mains should not be more than 50 m apart in horizontal.
	Fire service inlet with gate and non-return valve to charge the riser in the event of failure of the static pump directly from the mobile pump of the tie services should: be provided on the wet-riser system. The, fire service inlet for 100 mm internal diameter rising main should have collecting head with 2 numbers of 63 mm inlets and for 150 mm rising main, collecting head with 4 numbers of 63 mm inlets should be provided.
	For wet-risers down-comer system, two pumps of different capacities one for the wet-riser and the other for down-comer system should be installed. The pumps should be fed from normal source of power supply and also by an alternative source in case of failure of normal source.
	For a wet-riser system, two automatic pumps should be installed to independently feed the wet riser main, one of which should act as stand-by, each pump being supplied by a different source of power. The pump shall be arranged so that when acting as duty-pump, operate automatically when one or more hydrant is opened thus causing a drop in pressure. The stand-by pump should be arranged to operate automatically in case of failure of the duty pump. The system should have an interlocking arrangement so that only one of the pumps operate at a time.
Wet-Riser-cum-Down-Comer	A wet-riser-cum-down-comer system should be provided in the type of buildings indicated in Table 1 of IS 3844 according to the provision mentioned.
	Priming of the main pump and terrace pump in case of wet-riser-cum-down, or both the pumps in case of wet-riser installation, should be automatic. This can be achieved either by having flooded suction, or by a priming tank with foot valve arrangement. However, a flooded suction is preferable.
Down-Comer System	Single headed landing valve, connected to a 100 mm diameter pipe taken from the terrace pump delivery should be provided at each floor/landing, A hose reel conforming to IS 884 : 1985 and directly tapped from the down-comer pipe should also be provided on each floor/landing.

 

As per ( IS 3844 )
Riser	The position of risers should be located within lobby approach staircase or within, the staircase enclosure when there is no lobby. However, the risers or the landing valves connected
Landing Valve	Landing valves should be installed on each floor level and on the roof, if accessible, in such a way that control line of landing valve is 1 to 1.2 m above the floor level.
Fire Hoses	In buildings with basements, the internal hydrants as well as the hose reel installations should be extended to cover the basement area also, over and above sprinkler system, as necessary. .
	Fire hoses should be of sufficient length to, carry water from the nearest source of water supply to the most distant point in the area covered by a hydrant, by the normal route of travel. For each internal hydrant ( single headed ), there should be a total length of not less than.30 m of 63 mm conforming to Type A of IS 636 : 1988 or provided in two lengths of not more than 15 m each wire wound with coupling together with branch pipe conforming to IS 2871 : 1983
	Such spare hoses also should be in length of not more than 15 m complete with coupling. Hoses and accessories should be kept in hose cabinet painted fire red and constructed preferably of wood with glass front
Hose Box	Unless impracticable by structural considerations, the landing valves should always be housed in hose boxes. Such hose boxes should be made of MS plates of 2 mm minimum thickness with glass front. The size of the box should be adequate to accommodate single/double headed landing valves with 2 or 4 lengths of fire hose each of 15 m length, and one or two branch pipes. The hose reel may or may not be accommodated inside the hose box.
	Building fitted with wet-riser/wet-riser-down-comer mains should, have access roads to within 6 m from the boundary line of the building and the nearest wet-riser stack should not be more than 15 m from the boundary line of the building.
Hose Reels	In addition to wet-riser systems, first aid hose reels should be installed on all floors of buildings above 15 m in height. The hose reel should be directly taken from the wet-riser pipe by means of a 37 mm socket and pipe to which the hose reel is to be attached.
	The hose reel should be sited at each floor level, staircase, lobby or mid-landing adjacent to, exits in corridors in such a way that the nozzle of the hose can be taken into every room and within 6 m of any part of a room keeping in view the layout and obstructions. Tbe doors provided for the hose reel recesses should he capable of opening to approximately 180”. when installation is in open areas, the position should be above head height and the nozzle retainer and tbe inlet valve should be at about 900 mm above floor level.
Air Valve	To allow any trapped air in the rising main to escape when water is pressurized into system,air release valve should be incorporated above the highest outlet of each main.
External Hydrant	For external hydrants, piping (water main ) should be laid preferably underground, to avoid it getting damaged by moving vehicles, etc. To avoid rusting, underground pipes should be either of cast iron conforming to IS 1536 in which case it should be properly treated with a coat of primary paint with two coats of bitumen paint. The pipes should be properly supported of pedestals – not more than 3 m apart. Underground pipes should be laid 1 m below to avoid damage during road repair, etc, and at road crossings where heavy vehicles are expected to pass, it should pass
Jockey Pump	For bigger buildings or major installations, where chance of such leakage is very considerable, it is desirable to install a small pump ( using a small motor and 200/300 liter/min pump ) with pressure switches for automatic start and stop.
Using Wet-Riser System Pump for Partial Sprinkler System	In main high rise buildings, the basement is used for car parking/housing transformers/or storages and other floors may be used as shopping areas departmental stores, etc, the total area used for such purpose being small, in such cases, the same wet-riser pump may be used for feeding the sprinkler system provided that:
	a)the total area of the basement to be protected is less than 500 m2. b) the total area utilized as shops departmental stores is less than 1000 m2. c)the pump has a capacity of at least 2850 l/min with suitable motor.

 

AS per IS 15301
Foundation of Pump	Pumps are to be mounted on a concrete foundation having minimum M grade of reinforced concrete as M15..
	The thickness of the foundation shall be 50 mm minimum for small pumps up to 900 Liter/min capacity, 75 mm for pumps up to 2280 liter/min capacity and 100 liter/min for bigger pumps up to 4 500 liter/min. For extra ordinary big pumps, the thickness may go up to 150 mm. The size of the foundation shall cover the full length and width of the pump and at least 150 mm on the front and back of the pump and 75 mm on the sides as clearance.
Pump Room Location	Normally, pump rooms shall be located 6 m away from all surrounding buildings and overhead structures
	Where this is not feasible, they may be attached to a building provided a perfect separation wall having 4 hour fire rating is constructed between the pump room and the attached building, the roof of the pump room is of RCC construction atleast 100 mm thick and access to the pump room is from the outside. The pump rooms shall normally have brick/concrete walls and noncombustible roof with adequate lighting, ventilation and drainage arrangements.
	Transformer cubicles inside the sub-stations shall be separated from H.T. and L.T. cubicles and from each other by walls of brick/stone/concrete blocks or 355 mm thickness or of RCC of 200 mm thickness with door openings, if any, therein being protected by single fireproof doors having 2-hour fire resistance
	Transformers installed outdoors, which are supplying power to fire pump shall also be located at least 6 m away from all surrounding buildings including sub-station or D.G. House, Where this is not feasible, all door and window openings of the building within 6 m of the transformers] shall be protected by single fireproof doors and 6 mm thick wired glasses in steel framework respectively.

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group A – Residential Buildings – Above 15 m in height  (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	A3- Dormitories, A4- Apartments Houses				A5- Hotels
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 35 Mts	35 Mts To  45 Mts	45 Mts To 60 Mts	Above 60 Mts	15 Mts To  30 Mts	Above 30 Mts and A6 Hotels (Starred)
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	25,000 liters capacity	5,000 liters (5,000 liters if basement)	10,000 liters capacity	25,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not Required	75,000 liters capacity	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	2,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	900 LPM at Terrace level Tank	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	Not Required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 1620 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Not Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 Sq.mts	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 Sq.mts	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirements of Fire Safety for Group B – Educational Buildings of above 15 mts in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	B-1 Schools up to Senior Secondary Level
	B-2 All others/training Institutions  (Ground + One Storey)
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor. Depending up on the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	25000 Liters Capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not required
Terrace Fire Pump	900 LPM
Fire Pump near Under Ground Water Tank	Not required
Hose Reel Assembly	Required
Down Comes System	Required
Wet Riser System	Not required
Yard Hydrant	Not required
Fire Service Inlet	Required
Manually  Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required
Automatic Detection and Alarm System	Not required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required if area of basement exceeds 200 sq.mts

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group C – Institutional Buildings – Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	C1- Hospitals,  Sanatoria and Nursing Home		C2 – Custodial Institutions
			C3 – Penal and Mental Institutions
Fire Safety (Active Measures)	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding
	24  Mts	30 Mts	24 Mts	30 Mts
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	1.00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group D – Assembly Buildings Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	D1 – Theater over  1000 persons, D2 up to 1000 persons  D3 – Permanent Stage over 300 persons		D6 – Not exceeding 30 mtrs	D7 – Elevated or underground for assembly not  covered D1-D6
	D4 – up to 300 persons, D5 all others
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts	15 Mts not exceeding	24 Mts not exceeding
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity
			D1-D5, 2,00,000 liters for D6 Multiplex
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group E – Business Buildings  Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	E1  offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers and police stations, E2 – Laboratories research establishments, libraries and test houses.  E3 – Computer installations, E4 – Telephone Exchanges,  E5
Fire Safety	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts	Above 30 mt
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity	20,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	75,000 liters capacity	1,00,000 liters capacity	2,00,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2850 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group F Mercantile Building  Above 15 m in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection Required	F1  – Shops, Stores up to 500 Sq.m,		F3 – Underground shopping centre and  Storage
	F2 – Shops, Stores more than 500 Sq. mtrs.
Fire Safety (Active Measures)	15 Mts To 24 Mts	24 Mts To 30 Mts
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	1,00,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity	1,50,000 liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	Not required	Not Required	Not Required
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	2 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required
Wet Riser System	Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Required	Required	Required
Manually Fire Call Point (MCP)	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required	Required	Required

 

Requirement of the Fire Safety for Group G Industrial Buildings  Above 15 m in height not to be permitted 18 Mts in height (IS 3844)
Type of Fire Protection	G1  – Low Hazard Industries			G2 – Moderate Hazard Industries
	BUILT UP AREA
Fire Safety	Up to 100 Sq.mt	More than  100 Sq.mt. & up to 500 Sq.mt	More than 500 Sq.mtrs	Up to 100Sq.mtrs	More than  100Sq.mtrs and up to 500 Sq.mtrs	More than  500Sq.mtrs and up to 1000 Sq.mtrs	Up to 1000 Sq.mt
Fire Extinguishers	Minimum 2 per floor Depending upon the Area and Travel Distance
Terrace Level Over Head Tank	5000 liters in case of basement area exceeds 200m2	5000 liters add 5000 liters if the provision of sprinkler in basement	10,000 liters capacity	10,000 Liters capacity	10,000 Liters capacity	20,000 Liters capacity	20,000 Liters capacity
Under Ground Water Tank	Not required	Not required	1,00,000 liters	Not required	Not required	75,000 Liters capacity	1,00,000 Liters capacity
Terrace Fire Pump	450 LPM	450 LPM	450 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM	900 LPM
Fire Pump near Under Group Water Tank	Not required	Not required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	Not required	Not required	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM	1 electric pump & 1 Diesel pump of capacity 2280 LPM & Jockey Pump 180 LPM
Hose Reel Assembly	Not required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required
Down Comer System	Not required	Required	Required	Not required	Not required	Required	Required
Wet Riser System	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Yard Hydrant	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Fire Service Inlet	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Manually Operated Fire Alarm Call Point (MCP)	Not required	Not required	Not Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Automatic Detection & Alarm System	Not required	Not required	Required	Not Required	Not Required	Required	Required
Automatic Sprinkler System	Required (if there is basement)	Required (if there is basement)	Required	Required	Required	Required	Required

Quick Reference-Fire Fighting (Part-1)

 

Class of Fire
CLASS	Type of Fire	Type of Fire Extinguisher
Class A	Fires involving Paper, Wood, Textile, Packing materials and the like.	Water, foam, ABC dry power and halocarbons.
Class B	Fires involving Oil, Petrol, Solvent, Grease, Paints, Celluloid and the like.	Foam, dry powder, clean agent and carbon dioxide extinguishers
Class C	Fires involving Electrical Hazards, Motor Vehicle Gaseous substance under pressure.	Dry powder, clean agent and carbon dioxide extinguishers
Class D	Fires involving Chemicals, Metal and active like Magnesium ,titanium	Extinguishers with special dry powder for metal tires

 

Area covered by Fire Extinguisher (NBC)
Type of Fire Extinguishers	Coverage (Floor) Area
Water/ Sand Bucket	100 sq.mt.
Sprinklers	6 sq.mt.
Extinguishers (9 Liter)	600 sq.mt.
Heat Detectors	16 sq.mt.
Hydrant Riser (Outlet 100 mm dia with landing valve and First aid hose reel)	930 sq.mt
Smoke Detectors	50 sq.mt.

 

Water Requirement for the Fire Fighting (AS per NBC)

Q = 3000 P

Q = Fire demand in Liters/Minutes

P = Population in Thousands

Note:  The above rate must be maintained at a minimum pressure of 1 to 1.5 kg / cm2 for at least four hours.

 

Water Requirement for Wet Riser/Down Corner System (As per NBC -TABLE 4)
Residential Buildings	U.G. Water Storage Tank Static	Terrace Tank
15 m to 30 m	50,000 lts	10,000 lts
30 m to 45 m	1,00,000 lts	20,000 lts
Above 45 m	2,00,000 lts	40,000 lts

 

Water Requirement for Wet Riser/Down Corner System (As per NBC -TABLE 5)
Business Building	U.G. Water Storage Tank Static	Terrace Tank
15 m to 30 m	100000 lts (50000 lts if covered area in G.F is less than 300sq.m.)	20,000 lts
30 m to 45 m	20000 lts	20,000 lts
Above 45 m	250000 lts	50,000 lts

 

Classification of fire Pumps (As per IS 15301)
Pump Size	Location of Pump Installation
450 Liter/Min	Pumps to be installed on the terrace to feed the Down Comer System.
900 Liter/Min	Pumps to be installed on the terrace to feed the Down Comer System.
2280 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
2850 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
4500 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.
For special risks 6700 Liter/Min	Pumps are to be housed in the pump house.

 

Suction and Delivery Pipe Sizes (IS 3844)
Pump Size	Pump Location	Suction	Delivery
450 Liter/min	Terrace	50 mm	50 mm
900 Liter/min	Terrace	75 mm	50 mm
1400 Liter/min	Terrace	100 mm	100 mm
2280 Liter/min	Fire Pump	150 mm	150 mm
2850 Liter/min	Fire Pump	200 mm	150 mm
4500 Liter/min	Fire Pump	250 mm	200 mm
6700 Liter/min	Fire Pump	250 mm	200 mm

 

Different Types of Fire Extinguishers for Different Classes of Fires ( IS 2190 )
Type of Extinguisher	IS	Type of Fires
		Class A	Class B	Class C	Class D
water type (gas cartridge)	IS 940 , IS 13385	S	NS	NS	NS
water type (stored pressure)	IS 6234	S	NS	NS	NS
mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 10204, IS 13386	S	S	NS	NS
mechanical foam type (stored pressure)	IS 14951,IS 15397	S	S	NS	NS
dry powder type (stored pressure)	IS 13849	S	S	S	NS
dry powder type (gas cartridge)	IS 2171 , IS 10658	S	S	S	NS
dry powder type for metal fires	IS 11833	NS	NS	NS	S
carbon dioxide type	IS 2878, IS 8149	NS	S	S	NS
clean agent gas type	IS 15683	S	S	S	NS
halon 1211 type	IS 4862 , IS 11108	S	S	S	NS

 

PRESSURE TESTING OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS  ( IS 2190 )
Type of Extinguisher	IS	Test Interval (Year)	Test Pressure (kg/cm2)	Pressure Maintained for Min. (kg/cm2)
Water type (gas cartridge)	IS 940	3	35	2.5
Water type (stored pressure)	IS 6234	3	35	2.5
Water type (gas cartridge)	IS 13385	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 10204	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (stored pressure)	IS 15397	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge)	IS 13386	3	35	2.5
Mechanical foam type (gas cartridge) 135 liter	IS 14951	3	35	2.5
Dry powder ( stored pressure)	IS l3849	3	35	2.5
Carbon dioxide	IS 2878	5	250	2.5
Clean agent	IS 15683	3	35	2.5
Dry powder (gas cartridge)	IS2171, IS10658	3	35	2.5

 

LIFE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ( IS 2190)
Type of Extinguisher	Life Time, Year
Water type	10
Foam type	10
Powder type	10
Carbon dioxide	15
Clean agent	10

 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS  ( IS 2190 )
Occupancy	Type of Occupancy	Nature of Occupancy	Class of Fire	Typical Examples
Group A	Residential buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Lodging or rooming, one or two family houses, private dwellings, dormitories, apartment houses, flats, up to 4 star hotels, etc
		Low Hazard	CLASS C	Small kitchens having LPG connection, electrical heaters, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Multi-storied buildings, multi-risk buildings, five star hotels, etc
Group B	Educational buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Tutorials, vocational training institutes, evening colleges, commercial institutes
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Schools, colleges, etc
Group C	Institutional buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Hospitals, sanatoria, homes for aged, orphanage jails, etc
Group D	Assembly buildings-D-1	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, having seating capacity of over 1 00 persons
	Assembly buildings-D-2	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibitions halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, having seating capacity less than 1 000 persons
	Assembly buildings-D-3	High Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, but having accommodation for more than 300 persons, but less than 1 000 persons, with no permanent seating arrangement
	Assembly buildings-D-4 / D5	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Theatres, assembly halls, exhibition halls, museums, restaurants, places of worship, club rooms, dance halls, etc, but having accommodation less than 300 and those not covered under D-l to D-3
Group E	Business buildings-E-1	Special Hazard	CLASS A	Offices, banks, record rooms, archives, libraries, data processing centers, etc
	Business buildings-E-2	Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Laboratories, research establishment, test houses, etc
	Business buildings-E-3	Special Hazard	CLASS A	Computer installations
Group F	Mercantile buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Shops, stores, markets, departmental stores, underground shopping centers, etc
Group G	Industrial buildings	Low Hazard	CLASS A	Small industrial units
		Medium Hazard	CLASS A	Corrugated carton manufacturing units, paper cane units, packing case manufacturing units, cotton waste manufacturing units
		HH	CLASS A	Large number yards, saw mills, godowns and warehouses storing combustible materials, cold storages, freight depots, etc
		Low Hazard	CLASS B	Demonstration chemical plants, small chemical processing plants, pilot plants, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Workshops, painting shops, large kitchens, industrial canteens, generator rooms, heat treatment shops, tread rubber manufacturing units, petrol bunks, tubes and Haps units, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS B	Petroleum processing units, chemical plants, industrial alcohol plants, effluent treatment plants, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS C	Fertilizer plants, petrochemical plants, LPG bottling plants, etc
		High Hazard	CLASS D	All processes involving use of combustible highly flammable materials, reactive metals and alloys, including their storage
Group H	Storage buildings	Medium Hazard	CLASS B	Flammable liquid stores, storage in drums and cans in open, paints and varnishes go down
		High Hazard	CLASS B	Tank farms, chemical and petroleum bulk storage depots, large service stations, truck and marine terminals, underground LDO/furnace oil storage yards, etc
		Medium Hazard	CLASS C	LPG distribution godown/office, distribution storage godowns/offices of D, N, H, Argon and other industrial gases
		High Hazard	CLASS C	Storage and handling of gas cylinders in bulk, gas plant, gas holders ( Horton), spheres, etc
Group J	Hazardous	–	–	Buildings used for storage, handling, manufacture and processing of highly combustible explosive materials. (Risks involved in terms of class of fire and intensity of fire has to be assessed on case to case basis and statutory authorities to be consulted, environmental factors and mutual aid facilities to be taken into account before deciding on the fire extinguisher requirements.)

 

RECOMMENDED  EQUIPMENT TO BE INSTALLED ( IS 2190 )
Class of Fire	Occupancy	No of Fire Systems
CLASS A	Low Hazard	One 9 liter water expelling extinguisher or ABC 5 kg/6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment or floor of the building.
	Medium Hazard	Two 9 liter water expelling extinguishers or ABC 5 kg / 6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 with minimum of 4 extinguishers per compartment floor.
	Medium Hazard	Provision as per MH occupancy; in addition to one 50 liter water CO2/25 kg ABC fire extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area
	Special Hazard	One 4.5 kg capacity carbon dioxide or one 2/3 kg capacity clean agent extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers
CLASS B	Low Hazard	One 9 liter foam extinguisher, mechanical or BC or ABC, 5 kg/6 kg fire extinguisher, for every 200 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment or floor.
	Medium Hazard	Two 9 liter foam extinguisher, mechanical type, or 5/6 kg dry powder extinguisher ( or one of each type) for every 200 m2 area with minimum of four extinguisher per compartment
	Medium Hazard	Provision as per MH, and in addition to one 50 liter mechanical foam type extinguisher or 25 kg BC fire extinguisher for every 100 m2 or part thereof one l35 liter foam mechanical extinguisher for every 300 m2 of floor area
CLASS C	Low Hazard	One 2/3 kg dry powder of clean agent extinguisher for every 20 m2 of floor area
	Medium Hazard	One 10 kg dry powder extinguisher (stored pressure) or 6.5 kg  carbon dioxide extinguisher or 5 kg clean agent for 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof, with minimum of one extinguishers of the same type for every compartment;
	High Hazard	Dry powder extinguisher (stored pressure) of 10 kg or 6.5 kg CO2 extinguisher, or 5 kg clean agent extinguisher for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof, subject to a minimum of two extinguishers of same type per room or compartment.
CLASS D	High Hazard	One 10 kg dry powder extinguisher with special dry powder for metal fires for every 100 m2 of floor area or part thereof with minimum of two extinguishers per compartment/room

 

Electrical Thumb Rule- High Rise Building (As per NBC)

 

Luminous Efficacy, Life, Lumen Maintenance and Color Rendition (Table-8) NBC
Light Source	Wattage	Efficacy (lm/W )	Average Life	Maintenance	Color Rendition
Incandescent lamps	15 to 200	12 to 20	500 to 1000	Fair to good	Very good
Tungsten halogen	300 to 1500	20 to 27	200 to 2000	Good to very good	Very good
Standard fluorescent lamps	20 to 80	55 to 65	5000	Fair to good	Good
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)	5 to 40	60 to 70	7500	Good	Good to very good
Slim line fluorescent	18 to 58	57 to 67	5000	Fair to good	Good
High pressure mercury vapor lamps	60 to 1000	50 to 65	5000	Very low to fair	Federate
Blended – light lamps	160 to 250	20 to 30	5000	Low to fair	Federate
High pressure sodium vapor lamps	50 to 1000	90 to 125	10000 to 15000	Fair to good	Low to good
Metal halide lamps	35 to 2000	80 to 95	4000 to 10000	Very low	Very good
Low pressure sodium	10 to 180	100 to 200	10000 to 20000	Good to very good	Poor
LED	0.5 to 2.0	60 to 100	10000	Very good	Good for white LED

 

Approximate Cable Current Capacity
Cable Size	Current Capacity	MCB Size
1.5 Sq.mm	7.5 To 16 A	8A
2.5 Sq.mm	16 To 22 A	15A
4 Sq.mm	22 To 30 A	20A
6 Sq.mm	39 To 39 A	30A
10 Sq.mm	39 To 54A	40A
16 Sq.mm	54 To 72A	60A
25 Sq.mm	72 To 93A	80A
50 Sq.mm	117 To 147A	125A
70 Sq.mm	147 To 180A	150A
95 Sq.mm	180 To 216A	200A
120 Sq.mm	216 To 250A	225A
150 Sq.mm	250 To 287A	275A
185 Sq.mm	287 To 334A	300A
240 Sq.mm	334 To 400A	350A

 

Requirements  for  Physical  Protection  of Underground Cables  (As per NBC)
Protective  Element	Specifications
Bricks	(a) 100 mm minimum  width
	(b) 25 mm thick
	(c) sand cushioning 100  mm  and  sand  cover 100 mm
Concrete slabs	At least 50 mm thick
Plastic  slabs (polymeric cover  strips) Fiber  reinforced plastic	depending on properties  and has to be matched with the protective cushioning and cover
PVC  conduit  or  PVC  pipe  or stoneware  pipe or Hume pipe	The  pipe  diameter should  be  such  so  that the  cable  is  able  to easily slip down the pipe
Galvanized pipe	The  pipe  diameter should  be  such  so  that the  cable  is  able  to easily slip down the pipe
The trench shall be back filled to cover the cable initially by 200 mm of sand fill; and then a plastic marker strip  hall be put over the full length of cable in the trench.
The marker signs shall be provided where any cable enters or leaves a building. This will identify that there is a cable located underground near the building.
The trench shall then be completely filled. If the cables rise above ground to enter a building or other structure, a mechanical protection such as a GI pipe or PVC pipe for the cable from the trench depth to a height of 2.0 m above ground shall be provided.

 

AREA REQUIRED FOR GENERATOR IN ELECTRIC SUBSTATION (As per NBC)
Capacity  kVA	Area m2	Clear Height below the Soffit of the Beam m
25	56	3.6
48	56	3.6
100	65	3.6
150	72	3.6
248	100	4.2
350	100	4.2
480	100	4.2
600	110	4.6
800	120	4.6
1010	120	6.5
1250	120	6.5
1600	150	6.5
2000	150	6.5

 

Low Voltage Cabeling for Building (As per NBC)
Low Voltage Cable	Cables/wires, such as fiber optic cable, co-axial cable, etc. These shall be laid at least at a distance of 300 mm from any power wire or cable. The distance may be reduced only by using completely closed earthed metal trucking with metal separations for various kind of cable. Special care shall be taken to ensure that the conduit runs and wiring are laid properly for low voltage signal to flow through it.
	The power cable and the signal or data cable may run together under floor and near the equipment. However, separation may be required from the insulation aspect, if the signal cable is running close to an un-insulated conductor carrying power at high voltage. All types of signal cables are required to have insulation level for withstanding 2 kV impulse voltages even if they are meant for service at low voltage.
Conduit Color Scheme	Power conduit=Black Security conduit=Blue Fire alarm conduit=Red Low voltage conduit=Brown UPS conduit Green

 

Sub Station Guideline (As per NBC)
Substation Location	Location of substation in the basement should be avoided, as far as possible.
	If there is only one basement in a building, the substation/switch room shall not be provided in the basement and the floor level of the substation shall not be lowest point of the basement.
	Substation shall not be located immediately above or below plumbing water tanks or sewage treatment plant (STP) water tanks at the same location
Substation Door/Shutter	All door openings from substation, electrical rooms, etc, should open outwards
	Vertical shutters (like rolling shutters) may also be acceptable provided they are combined with a single leaf door opening outwards for exit in case of emergency
	For large substation room/electrical  room  having  multiple equipment,  two  or more  doors  shall  be provided which shall be remotely located from each other
	No services or ventilation shafts shall open into substation or switch room unless specific to substation or switch room
Transformer Location	In case of HV panel and transformers located at different floors or at a distance more than 20 m, HV isolator shall be  provided  at transformer end
	In case transformer and main MV/LV panel room are located at different floors or are at a distance more than 20 m, MV/LV isolator shall be provided at  transformer  end
	In  case  of  two  transformers  (dry  type  or transformers with oil quantity less than 2 000 liter)  located  next  to  each  other without intermittent wall, the distance between the two shall  be minimum  1 500 mm  for  11  kV, minimum 2 000 mm for 22 kV and minimum 2 500 mm for 33 kV. Beyond 33 kV, two transformers shall be separated by baffle wall of 4 h fire rating.
	If dry type transformer is used, it may be located adjacent to medium voltage switchgear in the form of unit type substation. In such a case, no separate room or fire barrier for the transformer is required either between transformers or between transformer and the switchgear, thereby decreasing the room space requirement; however, minimum distances as specified.
Oil Filled Equipment (Transformer / C.B)	Substations with oil-filled equipment/apparatus transformers and high voltage panels shall be either located in open or in a utility building
	They shall not be located in any floor other than the ground floor or the first basement of a utility building  not be located below first basement slab of utility building.
	They shall have direct access from outside the building for operation and maintenance of the equipment.
	It shall be separated from the adjoining buildings including the main building by at least 6 m clear distance to allow passage of fire tender between the substation/utility building and adjoining building/main building.
	Substation equipment having more than 2 000 liter of oil whether located indoors in the utility building or outdoors shall have  baffle walls  of  4  h  fire  rating between apparatus.
	Provision of  suitable oil soak-pit, and where use of more than 9 000 liter of oil in any one oil tank, receptacle or chamber is involved, provision shall be made for the draining away or removal of any oil which may leak or escape from the tank, receptacle or chamber containing the same
Power Supply Voltage	supply  is  at  240  V  single  phase  up  to  5  kVA, 415/240 V 3-phase from 5 kVA to 100 kVA, 11 kV (or 22 kV) for loads up to 5 MVA and 33 kV or 66 kV for consumers of connected load or contract demand more than 5 MVA.
	In case of connected load of 100 kVA and above, the relative advantage of high voltage three-phase supply should be considered.
	In case of single point high voltage metering, energy meters shall  be  installed  in  building  premise,such a place which is readily accessible to the owner/operator of the building and the Authority. The supplier or owner of the installation shall provide at the point of commencement of supply a suitable isolating device fixed in a conspicuous position at not more than 1.7 m above the ground so as to completely isolate the supply to the building in case of emergency
Trench Drain	In case of cable trench in substation/HV switch room/MV switch room, the same shall be adequately drained to ensure no water is stagnated at any time with live cables.
Fence for Substation	Enclose any part of the substation which is open to the air, with a fence (earthed efficiently at both ends) or wall not less than 1800 mm (preferably not less than 2400 mm) in height
HV Distribution in Building	The power supply HV cables voltage shall not be more than 12 kV and a separate dedicated and  fire  compartmented  shaft  should  be provided for carrying such high voltage cables to upper floors in a building. These shall not be mixed with any other shaft and suitable fire detection and suppression measures shall be provided throughout the length of the cable on each floor.
Switch Room / MV switch room	Switch room / MV switch room shall be arrived at considering 1200 mm clearance requirement from top of the equipment to the below of the soffit of the beam .In case cable entry/exit is from above the  equipment  (transformer,  HV switchgear, MV  switchgear),  height  of substation room/HV switch room/MV switch room shall also take into account requirement of space for turning radius of cable above the equipment height.

 

 

 

 

Calculate Motor Pump Size

• Calculate Size of Pump having following Details
• Static Suction Head(h2)=0 Meter
• Static Discharge Head (h1)=50 Meter.
• Required Amount of Water (Q1)=300 Liter/Min.
• Density of Liquid (D) =1000 Kg/M3
• Pump Efficiency (pe)=80%
• Motor Efficiency(me)= 90%
• Friction Losses in Pipes (f)=30%

Calculations:

• Flow Rate (Q) =Q1x1.66/100000 =300×1.66/100000= 0.005 M3/Sec
• Actual Total Head (After Friction Losses) (H) = (h1+h2)+((h1+h2)xf)
• Actual Total Head (After Friction Losses) (H)=50+(50×30%)= 65 Meter.
• Pump Hydraulic Power (ph) = (D x Q x H x9.87)/1000
• Pump Hydraulic Power (ph) = (1000 x 0.005 x 65 x9.87)/1000 =3KW
• Motor/ Pump Shaft Power (ps)= ph / pe = 3 / 80% = 4KW
• Required Motor Size: ps / me =4 / 90% = 4.5 KW

• Required Size of Motor Pump = 4.5 HP or 6 HP

Calculate Size of Cable for Motor (As NEC)

NEC Code 430.22 (Size of Cable for Single Motor):

• Size of Cable for Branch circuit which has Single Motor connection is 125% of Motor Full Load Current Capacity.
• Example: what is the minimum rating in amperes for Cables supplying 1 No of 5 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor. Full-load currents for 5 hp = 7Amp.
• Min Capacity of Cable= (7X125%) =8.75 Amp.

 NEC Code 430.6(A) (Size of Cable for Group of Motors or Elect. Load).

• Cables or Feeder which is supplying more than one motors other load(s), shall have an ampacity not less than 125 % of the full-load current rating of the highest rated motor plus the sum of the full-load current ratings of all the other motors in the group, as determined by 430.6(A).
• For Calculating minimum Ampere Capacity of Main feeder and Cable is 125% of Highest Full Load Current + Sum of Full Load Current of remaining Motors.
• Example:what is the minimum rating in amperes for Cables supplying 1 No of 5 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor, 1 No of 10 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor, 1 No of 15 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor and 1 No of 5hp, 230-volt, single-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor?
• Full-load currents for 5 hp = 7Amp.
• Full-load currents for 10 hp = 13Amp.
• Full-load currents for 15 hp = 19Amp.
• Full-load currents for 10 hp (1 Ph) = 21Amp.
• Here Capacity wise Large Motor is 15 Hp but Highest Full Load current is 21Amp of 5hp Single Phase Motor so 125% of Highest Full Load current is 21X125%=26.25Amp
• Min Capacity of Cable= (26.25+7+13+19) =65.25 Amp.

 NEC Code 430.24 (Size of Cable for Group of Motors or Electrical Load).

• As specified in 430.24, conductors supplying two or more motors must have an ampacity not less than 125 % of the full-load current rating of the highest rated motor +  the sum of the full-load current ratings of all the other motors in the group or on the same phase.
•  It may not be necessary to include all the motors into the calculation. It is permissible to balance the motors as evenly as possible between phases before performing motor-load calculations.
• Example:what is the minimum rating in amperes for conductors supplying 1No of 10 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 P.F and 3 No of 3 hp, 230-volt, single-phase motors at 0.8 P.F.
• The full-load current for a 10 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor is 13 amperes.
• The Full-load current for single-phase 3 hp motors is 12 amperes.
• Here for Load Balancing one Single Phase Motor is connected on R Phase Second in B Phase and third is in Y Phase.Because the motors are balanced between phases, the full-load current on each phase is 25 amperes (13 + 12 = 25).
• Here multiply 13 amperes by 125 %=(13 × 125% = 16.25 Amp). Add to this value the full-load currents of the other motor on the same phase (16.25 + 12 = 28.25 Amp).
• The minimum rating in amperes for conductors supplying these motors is 28 amperes.

 NEC 430/32 Size of Overload Protection for Motor:

• Overload protection (Heater or Thermal cut out protection) would be a device that thermally protects a given motor from damage due to heat when loaded too heavy with work.
• All continuous duty motors rated more than 1HP must have some type of an approved overload device.
• An overload shall be installed on each conductor that controls the running of the motor rated more than one horsepower. NEC 430/37 plus the grounded leg of a three phase grounded system must contain an overload also. This Grounded leg of a three phase system is the only time you may install an overload or over – current device on a grounded conductor that is supplying a motor.
• To Find the motor running overload protection size that is required, you must multiply the F.L.C. (full load current) with the minimum or the maximum percentage ratings as follows;

Maximum Overload

• Maximum overload = F.L.C. (full load current of a motor) X allowable % of the maximum setting of an overload,
• 130% for motors, found in NEC Article 430/34.
• Increase of 5% allowed if the marked temperature rise is not over 40 degrees or the marked service factor is not less than 1.15.

Minimum Overload

• Minimum Overload = F.L.C. (full load current of a motor) X allowable % of the minimum setting of an overload,
• 115% for motors found in NEC Article 430/32/B/1.
• Increase of 10% allowed to 125% if the marked temperature rise is not over 40 degrees or the marked service factor is not less than 1.15

 

How to Design efficient Street lighting-(Part-6)

(3) Light trespass:

• Light trespass is condition when spill (Unwanted or Unneeded) light from a streetlight or floodlight enters a window and illuminates an indoor area.

 How to Reduce Trespass

• Select luminaries, locations, and orientations to minimize spill light onto adjacent properties.
• Use well-shielded luminaries.
• Keep floodlight aiming angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area.

 Difference between full cutoffs and fully shielded:

• The full cutoff has is luminaries that have no direct up light (no light emitted above horizontal) and 10% of light intensity between 80° and 90°.
• The term full cutoff is often substituted for the term fully shielded.
• The both terms are not equivalent. Fully shielded luminaires emit no direct up light, but have no limitation on the intensity in the region between 80° and 90°
• Luminaires that are full cutoff, cutoff, semi cutoff, and non cutoff , may also qualify as fully shielded.

• There is also a confusing assumption that a luminaire with a flat lens qualifies as a full cutoff luminaries. While this may be true or not in some Lighting Fixtures case.

• Fully shielded means, a lighting fixture constructed in such a manner that the bulb should be fully recessed into Fixture so that all light is directed downward below the horizontal.
• The fixture is angled so the lamp is not visible below the barrier (no light visible below the horizontal angle).

(G) Selection of Luminas:

(1) Types of Lighting Source

• Street Lights are mostly Low-pressure sodium (LPS), High-pressure sodium (HPS), Metal halide and Light emitting diodes (LED).
• LPS is very energy efficient but emits only a narrow spectrum of pumpkin-colored light that some find to be undesirable.
• LPS is an excellent choice for lighting near astronomical observatories and in some environmentally sensitive areas.
• HPS is commonly used for street lighting in many cities. Although it still emits an orange-colored light, its coloring is more “true to life” than that of LPS.
• Where it’s necessary to use white light, there are metal halide and LEDs.

• High-pressure sodium lamps should be used for expressways, main roads, secondary roads and branch roads.
• Low-power metal halide lamps should be used in mixed traffic roads for motor vehicles and pedestrians in residential areas.
• Metal halide lamps can be used for motor vehicle traffic, such as city centers and commercial centers, which require high color identification.
• Metal halide lamps, CFL lamps are used at Pedestrian streets in industrial areas, sidewalks in residential areas, and sidewalks on both sides of motorway traffic.
• LED streetlights are more durable, longer lasting, efficiency, dimmable capacity and cost effective than traditional lights.
• LED also enhances public safety by delivering superior visible light while providing the environmental advantage of using less energy.

 (2) Color Rendering Index (CRI):

• CRI Measures the ability of the artificial light to show or reproduce the colors of the road or objects on the road, relative to a natural light source.
• The natural light source (the sun) has CRI of 100. The higher
• This index the better the visibility will be. For all types of road CRI ≥ 70 is recommended.

(3) Efficacy

• At the low end LED efficacy starts at 70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and reaches as high as 150 lm/W.
• While the mean efficacy for outdoor area fixtures is slightly lower than common indoor fixtures such as troffers and linear lighting about 100 lm/W for area lights compared to about 110 lm/W for troffers and linear fixtures this difference is not significant. It may be the result of outdoor area lights requiring more precise luminous intensity distributions and other factors unique to outdoor lighting.

(4) Fixture Protection:

• When using sealed road lighting, the protection level of the light source cavity should not be lower than IP54.
• For roads and places with dangerous environmental pollution and heavy maintenance, the protection level of the light source cavity should not be lower than IP65.
• The degree of protection of the lamp electrical appliance cavity should not be lesser than IP43.
• Lamps with excellent corrosion resistance should be used in areas or places with high levels of corrosive gases such as acid and alkali in the air.

(H) Effective Road Lighting:

• Sufficient illumination.
• Good uniformity.
• No Glare.
• Low consumption.
• No Color Temperature abnormalities
• No Zebra effect
• Shielded lighting to ensure light is pointed downwards
•  Completely uniform illuminance.
• No requirement for over lighting to obtain sufficient average illumination.
• Absence of glare.
• Absence of low angle radiation that causes sky glow.
• Control of light trespass.
• High redundancy.

Effective Lightning
Features	Benefits
Proper pole height & spacing	Provide uniform light distribution
Proper Luminaire aesthetics	Blends in with the surroundings
Good maintenance	Reduce problems in lightning
High lamp efficiency	Minimize energy cost
Life of Luminaire	Reduce lamp replacement cost
Good color rendering	Helps object appear more natural
Proper light distribution	Provide required light on roads
Cost effectiveness	Lowers operating cost
Minimizing light pollution & glare	Reduce energy use

 

Effective Energy-efficient Street Lighting Systems (NYSERDA, 2002)
Features	Benefits
Proper pole height and spacing	Provides uniform light distribution, which improves appearance for safety and security Meets recommended light levels Minimizes the number of poles, reducing energy and maintenance costs
Proper luminaire aesthetics	Blends in with the surroundings
High lamp efficacy and Luminaire efficiency	Minimizes Energy cost
Life of the luminaire and other components	Reduces lamp replacement costs
Cost effectiveness	Lowers operating cost
High Lumen Maintenance	Reduces lamp replacement costs
Good color rendering	Helps object appear more natural and pleasing to the public Allows better recognition of the environment, improves security
Short lamp Re strike	Allows the lamp to quickly come back after a power interruption
Proper light distribution	Provides required light on the roads and walkways
Proper Cutoff	Provides adequate optical control to minimize light pollution
Minimizing light pollution and Glare	Reduces energy use
Automatic Shutoff	Saves energy and maintenance costs by turning lamps off when not needed

 

Minimum Value of Street Light Designing
Descriptions	Min Value
Watt	400
Lumens Per Watt	80 To 140
Voltage	230Volt
Frequency	50 To 60Hz
Power Factor	More than 95
THD	< 20%
Life Hours	70,000 hours
Color Temperature	4000K  To  5000K
CRI	More than 75
Beam Angle / Beam Pattern	Type 2,3,4,5
Operating Temperature	(-)25°C To (+)50°C
Working Humidity	10% To 90% RH
IP Rating	IP67
Dimmable	0-10V
Optic Lens Material	High Polycarbonate (PMMA)
Forward Current	>600mA
Housing	IP65 – Aluminum Alloy and PC Lens
Dimension	18.23″ X 13.58″ X 4.57″
Weight	15.30 lbs – 34.39 lbs
Warranty	10 Years

How to Design efficient Street lighting-(Part-5)

(2) Surround Ratio (SR):

• Road lighting should be illuminate not only the road, but also the adjacent areas so motorists can see objects in the periphery and anticipate potential road obstructions (e.g., a pedestrian about to step onto the road).
• The SR is the visibility of the road’s periphery relative to that of the main road itself.
• As per industry standards, SR should be at least 50.
• Figure show how road lighting should illuminate both the main road and its periphery.

(F) Lighting Pollutions

• Light pollution is an unwanted consequence of outdoor lighting and includes such effects as sky glow, light trespass, and glare. 
• 30 to 50% of all light pollution is produced by roadway lighting that shines wasted light up and off target.

(1) Glare:

• Glare is the condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see significant objects. Glare affects human vision and it is subdivided into four components, Disability Glare, Discomfort Glare, Direct Glare and Indirect Glare.
• By origin

1. Direct Glare
2. Indirect (reflected) Glare

• By effect on people

1. Disability Glare
2. Discomfort Glare

• Disability glare:
• Disability glare is the glare that results in reduced visual performance and visibility.
• Since disability glare reduces the ability to perceive small contrasts.
• It can impair important visual tasks in traffic such as detecting critical objects, controlling headlights, and evaluating critical encounters, making glare a potential danger for road users.
• LED light sources can provide very high luminance lev­els which may cause glare. For this reason, LED lamps are commonly equipped with diffusers to reduce this luminance.
• Disability glare may vary for dif­ferent individuals and it can be calculated objectively.
• In a particu­lar illuminated environment, the human eye will be able to detect differences in luminance down to a certain threshold. This threshold can be compared for a situa­tion in the same environment when a source of glare is added. By comparing these thresholds, the threshold increment can be derived.
• Discomfort glare:
• Discomfort glare is the glare producing discomfort. It does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibility.
• As vertical light angles increase, discomforting glare also increases
• Discomfort glare, on the other hand, is a subjective phenomenon and there is no method for its Rating.
• Although the 9-point De Boer scale (ranging from “1” for “unbearable” to “9” for “unno­ticeable”) is the most widely used in the field of auto­motive and public lighting.
• Direct Glare:
• Direct glare is caused by excessive light entering the eye from a bright light source. The potential for direct glare exists anytime one can see a light source. With direct glare, the eye has a harder time seeing contrast and details.
• A system designed solely on lighting levels, tends to aim more light at higher viewing angles, thus producing more potential for glare.
• Exposed bright light source, for example a dropped lens cobra head or floodlight causes of direct glare.
• Direct glare can be minimized with careful equipment selection as well as placement.

• Figure illustrates two examples of exterior lighting that results in glare.

 

• Fig shows how full cutoff luminaries (Shielded Luminaires) can minimize this direct glare. In exterior applications, use fully shielded luminaires that directs light downwards towards the ground.
• Indirect Glare: Indirect glare is caused by light that is reflected to the eye from surfaces that are in the field of view – often in the task area.
• Indirect Glare can be minimized with the type and layout of lighting equipment. Direct the light away from the observer with the use of low glare, fully shielded luminaries.
• As the uniformity ratio increases (poor uniformity), object details become harder to see.
• For roadway lighting, good uniformity shows evenly lighted pavement. However, to meet small target visibility criteria, a non uniform roadway surface may be better.
• There should be a balance between uniform perception and detecting objects on the road. Also, emphasis is put on horizontal surface uniformity. In reality, vertical surfaces may require more lighting in order to improve guidance.

How to Reduce Glare:

• Glare and light trespass are more concern when installing floodlights.
• Use shielded Light should be use to reduce Glare.
• Higher mounting heights can more effective in controlling spill light, because floodlights with a more controlled light distribution (i.e., narrower beam) may be used, and the floodlights may be aimed in a more downward direction, making it easier to confine the light to the design area.
• Lower mounting heights increase the spill light beyond the property boundaries. To illuminate the space satisfactorily, it is often necessary to use floodlights with a broader beam and to aim the floodlights in directions closer to the horizontal than would occur when using higher mounting heights.
• Lower mounting heights make bright parts of the floodlights more visible from positions outside the property boundary, which can increase glare.

(2) Sky glow:

• Sky Glow is brightening of the night sky caused by outdoor lighting.
• Light that is emitted directly upward by luminaries or reflected from the ground is scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background. It has the effect of reducing one’s ability to view the stars in Night.

 

How to Reduce Sky Glow

• While it is difficult to accurately model sky glow, at this point it is presumed that the most important factors are light output and lamp spectral characteristics, light distribution from the luminaire, reflected light from the ground, and aerosol particle distribution in the atmosphere.
• If the quantity of light going into the sky is reduced, then sky glow is reduced. Thus, to reduce sky glow by
• By using full cutoff luminaires to minimize the amount of light emitted upward directly from the luminaire.
• Reduce Lighting Level.
• Make practice to Turn off unneeded lights
• Limited Lighting hours in outdoor sales areas, parking areas, and signages
• Installing Low-Pressure Sodium light sources, which allow astronomers to filter the line spectra from telescopic images.